Defining an Ultrasound-guided Regional Anesthesia Curriculum for Emergency Medicine.

Objectives: Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia (UGRA) can be a powerful tool in the treatment of painful conditions commonly encountered in emergency medicine (EM) practice. UGRA can benefit patients while avoiding the risks of procedural sedation and opioid-based systemic analgesia. Despite these advantages, many EM trainees do not receive focused education in UGRA and there is no published curriculum specifically for EM physicians.

Review: Adult Outcome as Seen Through Controlled Prospective Follow-up Studies of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Followed Into Adulthood.

Objective: To describe adult outcome of people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosed in childhood and its several key predictors via a review of 7 North American controlled prospective follow-up studies: Montreal, New York, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Berkeley, and 7-site Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With ADHD (MTA).

Method: All studies were prospective and followed children with a diagnosis of ADHD and an age- and gender-matched control group at regular intervals from childhood (6-12 years of age) through adolescence into adulthood (20-40 years of age), evaluating symptom and syndrome persistence, functional outcomes, and predictors of these outcomes.

Results: The rates of ADHD syndrome persistence ranged from 5.

Specific cortical and subcortical grey matter regions are associated with insomnia severity.

Background: There is an increasing awareness that sleep disturbances are a risk factor for dementia. Prior case-control studies suggested that brain grey matter (GM) changes involving cortical (i.e, prefrontal areas) and subcortical structures (i.

Risk Factors Associated With Infection in Open Fractures of the Upper and Lower Extremities.

Introduction: Open fractures are associated with a high risk of infection. The prevention of infection is the single most important goal, influencing perioperative care of patients with open fractures. Using data from 2,500 participants with open fracture wounds enrolled in the Fluid Lavage of Open Wounds trial, we conducted a multivariable analysis to determine the factors that are associated with infections 12 months postfracture.

The Outcomes of "Submitted" Publications From Applicants to Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Programs: A Retrospective Review of 1303 Residency Applications.

Purpose: To evaluate research listed as "Submitted" on orthopaedic surgery residency applications for eventual publication rates and quality.

Significance: As the orthopaedic surgery residency selection process becomes increasingly competitive, the number of research publications listed on applications continually increases. However, the utility of using publications listed as "Submitted" in the applicant evaluation process remains unknown.

The Hidden Curriculum Of Hospice: Die Fast, Not Slow.

Hospice provides palliative care at the end of life, but the model fails when patients die more slowly than expected.

Improving Diversity in Pediatric Residency Selection: Using an Equity Framework to Implement Holistic Review.

Background: Many programs struggle to recruit, select, and match a diverse class of residents, and the most effective strategies for holistic review of applications to enhance diversity are not clear.

Objective: We determined if holistic pediatric residency application review guided by frameworks that assess for bias along structural, interpersonal, and individual levels would increase the number of matched residents from racial and ethnic groups that are underrepresented in medicine (UiM).

Methods: Between 2017 and 2020, University of California San Francisco Pediatrics Department identified structural, interpersonal, and individual biases in existing selection processes and developed mitigation strategies in each area.

Predictors of shortages of opioid analgesics in the US: Are the characteristics of the drug company the missing puzzle piece?

Background: Shortages of opioid analgesics are increasingly common, interfere with patient care and increase healthcare cost. This study characterized the incidence of shortages of opioid analgesics in the period 2015-2019 and evaluated potential predictors to forecast the risk of shortages.

Methods: This was an observational retrospective study using the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) drug shortages data.

Exploring adults as support persons for improved pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV use among select adolescents and young adults in the Deep South.

Purpose: Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV (PrEP) is an effective yet underutilized biomedical tool for adolescents and young adults' (AYA) HIV prevention due to barriers such as PrEP adherence. We assessed HIV prevention knowledge, attitudes and beliefs from adults who self-identified as a primary support person to an AYA.

Methods: We surveyed AYA primary support persons at an academic hospital.

BRAF V600E Mutation in First-Line Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: An Analysis of Individual Patient Data From the ARCAD Database.

Background: First-line therapeutic strategies for patients with BRAFV600E-mutated (BRAFmt) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) mainly rely on subgroup analyses from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We aimed to assess the prognostic and predictive impact of BRAFmt on the efficacy of targeted therapies with first-line chemotherapy.

Methods: Individual patient data from first-line RCTs with BRAF and KRAS status data in the ARCAD database were pooled.

NEXT Harm Reduction: An Online, Mail-Based Naloxone Distribution and Harm-Reduction Program.

Needle EXchange Technology (NEXT) Harm Reduction is an online, mail-based platform designed for sending (1) naloxone kits to people at risk for overdose and (2) sterile syringes and other equipment directly to people who otherwise cannot access safe supplies. From its inception in 2017 through the end of 2019, NEXT Harm Reduction sent naloxone kits to 3609 individuals and 1230 packages of sterile syringes and supplies and received 335 reports of overdose reversals using naloxone provided by NEXT Harm Reduction and its affiliates.

Sex differences in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia: A new window to executive and behavioral reserve.

Introduction: Biological sex is an increasingly recognized factor driving clinical and structural heterogeneity in Alzheimer's disease, but its role in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is unknown.

Methods: We included 216 patients with bvFTD and 235 controls with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from a large multicenter cohort. We compared the clinical characteristics and cortical thickness between men and women with bvFTD and controls.

Quantitative CT metrics are associated with longitudinal lung function decline and future asthma exacerbations: Results from SARP-3.

Background: Currently, there is limited knowledge regarding which imaging assessments of asthma are associated with accelerated longitudinal decline in lung function.

Objectives: We aimed to assess whether quantitative computed tomography (qCT) metrics are associated with longitudinal decline in lung function and morbidity in asthma.

Methods: We analyzed 205 qCT scans of adult patients with asthma and calculated baseline markers of airway remodeling, lung density, and pointwise regional change in lung volume (Jacobian measures) for each participant.

Inflammation of the periodontium associates with risk of future cardiovascular events.

Background: While growing evidence suggests a link between periodontal disease (PD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), the independence of this association and the pathway remain unclear. Herein, we tested the hypotheses that: (1) inflammation of the periodontium (PD ) predicts future CVD independently of disease risk factors shared between CVD and PD, and (2) the mechanism linking the two diseases involves heightened arterial inflammation.

Methods: F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography ( F-FDG-PET/CT) imaging was performed in 304 individuals (median age 54 years; 42.

Reframing Non-Communicable Diseases and Injuries for Equity in the Era of Universal Health Coverage: Findings and Recommendations from the Kenya NCDI Poverty Commission.

Background: Kenya has implemented a robust response to non-communicable diseases and injuries (NCDIs); however, key gaps in health services for NCDIs still exist in the attainment of Universal Health Coverage (UHC). The Kenya Non-Communicable Diseases and Injury (NCDI) Poverty Commission was established to estimate the burden of NCDIs, determine the availability and coverage of health services, prioritize an expanded set of NCDI conditions, and propose cost-effective and equity-promoting interventions to avert the health and economic consequences of NCDIs in Kenya.

Methods: Burden of NCDIs in Kenya was determined using desk review of published literature, estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study, and secondary analysis of local health surveillance data.

Defeating JUUL's Effort to Rewrite San Francisco's E-Cigarette Regulations.

In 2019, San Francisco, California, prohibited the sale of electronic cigarettes lacking US Food and Drug Administration authorization. JUUL then promoted a ballot initiative (Proposition C) to replace San Francisco's e-cigarette legislation with legislation JUUL wrote that required future legislation to be approved by the voters. JUUL promoted Proposition C as a way to reduce youth e-cigarette use while allowing adult choice.

Optimizing Health And Well-Being For Women And Children.

The health and well-being of childbearing women and children in the US should set a world standard. However, women and children in the US experience higher rates of morbidity and mortality than women and children in almost all other industrialized countries, with marked racial and ethnic disparities. The unfolding effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have highlighted such disparities.

The Effect of Radium-223 Therapy in Agent Orange-Related Prostate Carcinoma.

Background: Radium-223 (Ra-223) radioisotope has been reported to increase median survival in bone metastatic prostate carcinoma. The addition of Ra-223 to abiraterone was associated with an increased risk of bone fractures. There has been no comprehensive data for using Ra-223 in veterans who were exposed to Agent Orange (AO+).

Expanding the View of IKK: New Substrates and New Biology.

The inhibitor of kappa B kinase (IKK) family consists of IKKα, IKKβ, and the IKK-related kinases TBK1 and IKKε. These kinases are considered master regulators of inflammation and innate immunity via their control of the transcription factors NF-κB, IRF3, and IRF7. Novel phosphorylated substrates have been attributed to these kinases, a subset of which is not directly related to either inflammation or innate immunity.

Pricing Universal Health Care: How Much Would The Use Of Medical Care Rise?

The return of a Democratic administration to the White House, coupled with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic-induced contractions of job-based insurance, may reignite debate over public coverage expansion and its costs. Decades of research demonstrate that uninsured people and people with copays and deductibles use less care than people with first-dollar coverage. Hence, most economic analyses of Medicare for All proposals and other coverage expansions project increased utilization and associated costs.

Assessing a Human Rights-Based Approach to HIV Testing and Partner Notification in Kenya: A Qualitative Study to Examine How Kenya's Policies and Practices Implement a Rights-Based Approach to Health.

Kenya encourages HIV testing and notification services, especially for key and affected populations (KAP), in order to identify persons living with HIV and link them to treatment. Kenya and international supporters of its HIV program have sought to scale up these services through increased capacity and training. However, little is known about how the HIV strategy is implemented and sustained, particularly regarding human rights.