Review of lattice results concerning low-energy particle physics: Flavour Lattice Averaging Group (FLAG).

We review lattice results related to pion, kaon, - and -meson physics with the aim of making them easily accessible to the particle-physics community. More specifically, we report on the determination of the light-quark masses, the form factor [Formula: see text], arising in the semileptonic [Formula: see text] transition at zero momentum transfer, as well as the decay constant ratio [Formula: see text] and its consequences for the CKM matrix elements [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, we describe the results obtained on the lattice for some of the low-energy constants of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] Chiral Perturbation Theory.

Cytoplasmic MTOCs control spindle orientation for asymmetric cell division in plants.

Proper orientation of the cell division axis is critical for asymmetric cell divisions that underpin cell differentiation. In animals, centrosomes are the dominant microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) and play a pivotal role in axis determination by orienting the mitotic spindle. In land plants that lack centrosomes, a critical role of a microtubular ring structure, the preprophase band (PPB), has been observed in this process; the PPB is required for orienting (before prophase) and guiding (in telophase) the mitotic apparatus.

PTPRJ Inhibits Leptin Signaling, and Induction of PTPRJ in the Hypothalamus Is a Cause of the Development of Leptin Resistance.

Leptin signaling in the hypothalamus plays a crucial role in the regulation of body weight. Leptin resistance, in which leptin signaling is disrupted, is a major obstacle to the improvement of obesity. We herein demonstrated that protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type J (Ptprj) is expressed in hypothalamic neurons together with leptin receptors, and that PTPRJ negatively regulates leptin signaling by inhibiting the activation of JAK2, the primary tyrosine kinase in leptin signaling, through the dephosphorylation of Y813 and Y868 in JAK2 autophosphorylation sites.

Dynamic plasticity in phototransduction regulates seasonal changes in color perception.

To cope with seasonal changes in the environment, organisms adapt their physiology and behavior. Although color perception varies among seasons, the underlying molecular basis and its physiological significance remain unclear. Here we show that dynamic plasticity in phototransduction regulates seasonal changes in color perception in medaka fish.

Genetic Dissection of Trabecular Bone Structure with Mouse Intersubspecific Consomic Strains.

Trabecular bone structure has an important influence on bone strength, but little is known about its genetic regulation. To elucidate the genetic factor(s) regulating trabecular bone structure, we compared the trabecular bone structures of two genetically remote mouse strains, C57BL/6J and Japanese wild mouse-derived MSM/Ms. Phenotyping by X-ray micro-CT revealed that MSM/Ms has structurally more fragile trabecular bone than C57BL/6J.

Pre-initiation complex assembly functions as a molecular switch that splits the Mcm2-7 double hexamer.

Initiation of chromosomal DNA replication in eukaryotes involves two steps: licensing and firing. In licensing, a core component of the replicative helicase, the Mcm2-7 complex, is loaded onto replication origins as an inactive double hexamer, which is activated in the firing step by firing factors. A reaction intermediate called the pre-initiation complex (pre-IC) has been proposed to assemble transiently during firing, but the existence of the pre-IC has not yet been confirmed.

Single-molecule imaging and manipulation of biomolecular machines and systems.

Background: Biological molecular machines support various activities and behaviors of cells, such as energy production, signal transduction, growth, differentiation, and migration.

Scope Of Review: We provide an overview of single-molecule imaging methods involving both small and large probes used to monitor the dynamic motions of molecular machines in vitro (purified proteins) and in living cells, and single-molecule manipulation methods used to measure the forces, mechanical properties and responses of biomolecules. We also introduce several examples of single-molecule analysis, focusing primarily on motor proteins and signal transduction systems.

A novel genetic syndrome with STARD9 mutation and abnormal spindle morphology.

Intellectual disability (ID) is one of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by serious defects in both intelligence and adaptive behavior. Although it has been suggested that genetic aberrations associated with the process of cell division underlie ID, the cytological evidence for mitotic defects in actual patient's cells is rarely reported. Here, we report a novel mutation in the STARD9 (also known as KIF16A) gene found in a patient with severe ID, characteristic features, epilepsy, acquired microcephaly, and blindness.

TRPC3-Nox2 complex mediates doxorubicin-induced myocardial atrophy.

Myocardial atrophy is a wasting of cardiac muscle due to hemodynamic unloading. Doxorubicin is a highly effective anticancer agent but also induces myocardial atrophy through a largely unknown mechanism. Here, we demonstrate that inhibiting transient receptor potential canonical 3 (TRPC3) channels abolishes doxorubicin-induced myocardial atrophy in mice.

Mind-Reading and Behavior-Reading against Agents with and without Anthropomorphic Features in a Competitive Situation.

Humans use two distinct cognitive strategies separately to understand and predict other humans' behavior. One is mind-reading, in which an internal state such as an intention or an emotional state is assumed to be a source of a variety of behaviors. The other is behavior-reading, in which an actor's behavior is modeled based on stimulus-response associations without assuming internal states behind the behavior.

Targeting PTPRZ inhibits stem cell-like properties and tumorigenicity in glioblastoma cells.

The R5 subfamily of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) comprises PTPRZ and PTPRG. A recent study on primary human glioblastomas suggested a close association between PTPRZ1 (human PTPRZ) expression and cancer stemness. However, the functional roles of PTPRZ activity in glioma stem cells have remained unclear.

Isotopic signature and nano-texture of cesium-rich micro-particles: Release of uranium and fission products from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant.

Highly radioactive cesium-rich microparticles (CsMPs) released from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) provide nano-scale chemical fingerprints of the 2011 tragedy. U, Cs, Ba, Rb, K, and Ca isotopic ratios were determined on three CsMPs (3.79-780 Bq) collected within ~10 km from the FDNPP to determine the CsMPs' origin and mechanism of formation.

Evolution of the sperm methylome of primates is associated with retrotransposon insertions and genome instability.

Changes in gene expression resulting from epigenetic and/or genetic changes play an important role in the evolutionary divergence of phenotypes. To explore how epigenetic and genetic changes are linked during primate evolution, we have compared the genome-wide DNA methylation profiles (methylomes) of humans and chimpanzees, which have a 1.2% DNA sequence divergence, of sperm, the frontal cortices, B cells, and neutrophils.

Reduction in chromosome mobility accompanies nuclear organization during early embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans.

In differentiated cells, chromosomes are packed inside the cell nucleus in an organised fashion. In contrast, little is known about how chromosomes are packed in undifferentiated cells and how nuclear organization changes during development. To assess changes in nuclear organization during the earliest stages of development, we quantified the mobility of a pair of homologous chromosomal loci in the interphase nuclei of Caenorhabditis elegans embryos.

- and -regulatory Effects on Gene Expression in a Natural Population of .

- and -regulatory mutations are important contributors to transcriptome evolution. Quantifying their relative contributions to intraspecific variation in gene expression is essential for understanding the population genetic processes that underlie evolutionary changes in gene expression. Here, we have examined this issue by quantifying genome-wide, allele-specific expression (ASE) variation using a crossing scheme that produces F hybrids between 18 different strains sampled from the Genetic Reference Panel and a reference strain from another population.

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channel as a target of crotamiton and its bimodal effects.

The sensation of itching can be defined as "an unpleasant cutaneous sensation that provokes a desire to scratch." The perception of itching is not critical for the maintenance of life, but persistent itching can be extremely irritating and decreases the quality of life. Crotamiton (N-ethyl-o-crotonotoluidide) has been used as an anti-itch agent for humans for around 70 years.

Physical properties of the chromosomes and implications for development.

Remarkable progress has been made in understanding chromosome structures inside the cell nucleus. Recent advances in Hi-C technologies enable the detection of genome-wide chromatin interactions, providing insight into three-dimensional (3D) genome organization. Advancements in the spatial and temporal resolutions of imaging as well as in molecular biological techniques allow the tracking of specific chromosomal loci, improving our understanding of chromosome movements.

Structural basis for perception of diverse chemical substances by T1r taste receptors.

The taste receptor type 1 (T1r) family perceives 'palatable' tastes. These receptors function as T1r2-T1r3 and T1r1-T1r3 heterodimers to recognize a wide array of sweet and umami (savory) tastes in sugars and amino acids. Nonetheless, it is unclear how diverse tastes are recognized by so few receptors.

Probing CP Violation in h→τ^{-}τ^{+} at the LHC.

We propose a novel method to reconstruct event by event the full kinematics of the cascade decay process, h→τ^{+}τ^{-}→(π^{+}ν[over ¯])(π^{-}ν), which allows us to measure the τ^{+}τ^{-} spin correlation, a measure of the CP property of the Higgs boson. By noting that the τ^{±} momenta lie on the plane spanned by the accurately measured impact parameter and momentum vectors of charged pions, we can obtain the most likely momenta of the two missing neutrinos by using the probability distribution functions of the p[over →]_{T} vector and the location of the primary vertex. A simple detector level simulation shows an excellent agreement between the reconstructed and the true kinematics, both in the τ^{+}τ^{-} and the π^{+}π^{-} rest frames.

TwiMed: Twitter and PubMed Comparable Corpus of Drugs, Diseases, Symptoms, and Their Relations.

Background: Work on pharmacovigilance systems using texts from PubMed and Twitter typically target at different elements and use different annotation guidelines resulting in a scenario where there is no comparable set of documents from both Twitter and PubMed annotated in the same manner.

Objective: This study aimed to provide a comparable corpus of texts from PubMed and Twitter that can be used to study drug reports from these two sources of information, allowing researchers in the area of pharmacovigilance using natural language processing (NLP) to perform experiments to better understand the similarities and differences between drug reports in Twitter and PubMed.

Methods: We produced a corpus comprising 1000 tweets and 1000 PubMed sentences selected using the same strategy and annotated at entity level by the same experts (pharmacists) using the same set of guidelines.

QM/MM Geometry Optimization on Extensive Free-Energy Surfaces for Examination of Enzymatic Reactions and Design of Novel Functional Properties of Proteins.

Many remarkable molecular functions of proteins use their characteristic global and slow conformational dynamics through coupling of local chemical states in reaction centers with global conformational changes of proteins. To theoretically examine the functional processes of proteins in atomic detail, a methodology of quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) free-energy geometry optimization is introduced. In the methodology, a geometry optimization of a local reaction center is performed with a quantum mechanical calculation on a free-energy surface constructed with conformational samples of the surrounding protein environment obtained by a molecular dynamics simulation with a molecular mechanics force field.

Flexible DNA Path in the MCM Double Hexamer Loaded on DNA.

The formation of the pre-replicative complex (pre-RC) during the G1 phase, which is also called the licensing of DNA replication, is the initial and essential step of faithful DNA replication during the subsequent S phase. It is widely accepted that in the pre-RC, double-stranded DNA passes through the holes of two ring-shaped minichromosome maintenance (MCM) 2-7 hexamers; however, the spatial organization of the DNA and proteins involved in pre-RC formation is unclear. Here we reconstituted the pre-RC from purified DNA and proteins and visualized the complex using atomic force microscopy (AFM).

Hall Effect in Bulk-Doped Organic Single Crystals.

The standard technique to separately and simultaneously determine the carrier concentration per unit volume (N, cm ) and the mobility (μ) of doped inorganic single crystals is to measure the Hall effect. However, this technique has not been reported for bulk-doped organic single crystals. Here, the Hall effect in bulk-doped single-crystal organic semiconductors is measured.

Sfrp5 identifies murine cardiac progenitors for all myocardial structures except for the right ventricle.

Upon acquirement of pulmonary circulation, the ancestral heart may have been remodelled coincidently with, or accompanied by, the production and rearrangement of progenitor cells. However, the progenitor populations that give rise to the left ventricle (LV) and sinus venosus (SV) are still ambiguous. Here we show that the expression of Secreted frizzled-related protein Sfrp5 in the mouse identifies common progenitors for the outflow tract (OFT), LV, atrium and SV but not the right ventricle (RV).