Mitochondrial deficits in human iPSC-derived neurons from patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia (SZ) is a highly heterogeneous disorder in both its symptoms and risk factors. One of the most prevalent genetic risk factors for SZ is the hemizygous microdeletion at chromosome 22q11.2 (22q11DS) that confers a 25-fold increased risk.

Individualising care in severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a series of N-of-1 trials comparing transpyloric and gastric feeding.

Objective: Compare rates of hypoxaemia during transpyloric and gastric feedings in very preterm infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Design: N-of-1 multiple crossover trials with individual patient and pooled data analyses.

Setting: Level IV intensive care nursery.

Echocardiographic surveillance in children after tetralogy of Fallot repair: Adherence to guidelines?

Background: Longitudinal clinical surveillance by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is an established practice in children with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Non-Invasive Imaging Guidelines recommends a list of reporting elements that should be addressed during routine TTE in this population. In this study, we assessed the adherence to these recommendations.

Comparison of Lengthening Temporalis Myoplasty and Free-Gracilis Muscle Transfer for Facial Reanimation in Children.

Background: Lengthening temporalis myoplasty (LTM) and cross-face nerve graft with free gracilis muscle transfer (CFNG-FGMT) are the 2 most common procedures used to restore dynamic facial animation and improve facial symmetry. There has not been direct comparison or consensus. Here, the authors compare our experience with respect to muscle activity, symmetry, and excursion.

Comparison of Neonatal Intubation Practice and Outcomes between the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Delivery Room.

Background: Characteristics of neonatal tracheal intubations (TI) may vary between the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and delivery room (DR). The impact of the setting on TI outcomes is not well characterized.

Objective: The aim of this study was to define variation in neonatal TI practice between settings, and identify the association between setting and TI success and safety outcomes.

Gastrostomy Tube Feeding in Extremely Low Birthweight Infants: Frequency, Associated Comorbidities, and Long-term Outcomes.

Objective: To assess the frequency of gastrostomy tube (GT) placement in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants, associated comorbidities, and long-term outcomes.

Study Design: Analysis of ELBW infants from 25 centers enrolled in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network's Generic Database and Follow-up Registry from 2006 to 2012. Frequency of GT placement before 18-22 months, demographic and medical factors associated with GT placement, and associated long-term outcomes at 18-22 months of corrected age were described.

Race/Ethnicity and Neighborhood Characteristics Are Associated With Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Pediatric Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in the United States: A Study From CARES.

Background Whether racial and neighborhood characteristics are associated with bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( BCPR ) in pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest ( OHCA ) is unknown. Methods and Results An analysis was conducted of CARES (Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival) for pediatric nontraumatic OHCA s from 2013 to 2017. An index (range, 0-4) was created for each arrest based on neighborhood characteristics associated with low BCPR (>80% black; >10% unemployment; <80% high school; median income, <$50 000).

Stimulating and maintaining spontaneous breathing during transition of preterm infants.

Most preterm infants breathe at birth, but need additional respiratory support due to immaturity of the lung and respiratory control mechanisms. To avoid lung injury, the focus of respiratory support has shifted from invasive towards non-invasive ventilation. However, applying effective non-invasive ventilation is difficult due to mask leak and airway obstruction.

Dosage Counts: Correcting Trisomy-21-Related Phenotypes in Human Organoids and Xenografts.

Studies in mice suggest that Olig2 gene dosage alters cerebral cortical interneuron development and contributes to trisomy-21/Down-syndrome-related intellectual disability. Xu et al. (2019) extend these studies through the remarkable use of cerebral organoid and human iPSC/mouse brain chimera experimental systems that provide an opportunity for the development of novel therapeutics.

Effect of Umbilical Cord Blood Sampling versus Admission Blood Sampling on Requirement of Blood Transfusion in Extremely Preterm Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of blood sampling from the placental end of the umbilical cord compared with initial blood sampling from neonates, on the need for first packed red blood cell transfusion in extremely preterm infants. We hypothesized that cord blood sampling could delay the time to first blood transfusion.

Study Design: In this single-center, assessor blind, randomized controlled trial, we included extremely low birth weight neonates <28 weeks of gestational age at birth.

Vancomycin Prescribing and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Children With and Without Acute Kidney Injury After Cardiac Arrest.

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) commonly occurs after cardiac arrest. Those subsequently treated with vancomycin are at additional risk for drug-induced kidney injury.

Objective: We aimed to determine whether opportunities exist for improved drug monitoring after cardiac arrest.

Generation of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 induced pluripotent stem cell lines, CHOPi002-A and CHOPi003-A, from patients with abnormal CAG repeats in the coding region of the ATXN2 gene.

Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 (SCA2) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by progressive degeneration of the cerebellum, brain stem, and spinal cord. SCA2 is caused by spontaneous misfolding and aggregate formation from abnormal CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the coding region of the ATXN2 gene. Here we describe the generation of two distinct iPSC lines from patients with SCA2.

Hurry up and wait, then activate and translate!

The immunometabolic pivot from reliance on fatty acid oxidation to glycolysis during T cell activation is, in part, reliant on the regulation of translation of key metabolic enzymes.

Conventional and quantitative EEG in status epilepticus.

Purpose: To summarize the use of continuous electroencephalographic monitoring (cEEG) in the diagnosis and management of pediatric convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) and subsequent non-convulsive seizures (NCS) with a focus on available guidelines and infrastructure. In addition, we provide an overview of quantitative EEG (QEEG) for the identification of NCS in critically ill children.

Methods: We performed a review of the medical literature on the use of cEEG and QEEG in pediatric CSE.

A Novel Model Demonstrates Variation in Risk-Adjusted Mortality Across Pediatric Cardiac ICUs After Surgery.

Objective: To develop a postoperative mortality case-mix adjustment model to facilitate assessment of cardiac ICU quality of care, and to describe variation in adjusted cardiac ICU mortality across hospitals within the Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium.

Design: Observational analysis.

Setting: Multicenter Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium clinical registry.

Weaning of Moderately Preterm Infants from the Incubator to the Crib: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objective: To assess whether length of hospital stay is decreased among moderately preterm infants weaned from incubator to crib at a lower vs higher weight.

Study Design: This trial was conducted in the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Infants with gestational ages 29-33 weeks, birthweight <1600 g, and in an incubator were randomly assigned to a weaning weight of 1600 or 1800 g.

One, two, three-how many cells for me?

An alternate strategy is described for enumerating peripheral immune cells in health and disease by epigenetic quantitative PCR.

Association Between Video Laryngoscopy and Adverse Tracheal Intubation-Associated Events in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

The effect of video laryngoscopy on adverse events during neonatal tracheal intubation is unknown. In this single site retrospective cohort study, video laryngoscopy was independently associated with decreased risk for adverse events during neonatal intubation.

Improved growth and developmental activity post tracheostomy in preterm infants with severe BPD.

Objectives: To examine growth, sedation needs, and participation in developmental activities before and after tracheostomy among infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of infants born at <32 weeks' gestation or birth weights <1500 g with severe BPD who underwent tracheostomy placement between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2016 in a quaternary referral newborn and infant intensive care unit. Changes in growth parameters and frequency/type of participation in physical therapy sessions performed during the 4-weeks before tracheostomy and 4-weeks after the first tracheostomy tube change were compared.

Association between prophylactic indomethacin and death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

The use of prophylactic indomethacin in very preterm infants is controversial. The last randomized controlled trial (RCT) to study this therapy enrolled infants over 20 years ago. More recently, observational studies have investigated the association between exposure to prophylactic indomethacin and neonatal morbidities and mortality.