Historical institutionalism and institutional design: divergent pathways to regime complexes in Asia and Europe.

Why and how do pathways to regime complexes diverge? Building on insights from the literatures on institutional design and historical institutionalism, we argue that early institutional design choices produce long-term variation in the pace, density, and composition of institutional layers within a regime complex. In a first step, we argue that if an institution becomes focal, this increases the exit costs for member-states to leave. Additional institutional layers become a more likely outcome.

Single-Shot 3D Reconstruction via Nonlinear Fringe Transformation: Supervised and Unsupervised Learning Approaches.

The field of computer vision has been focusing on achieving accurate three-dimensional (3D) object representations from a single two-dimensional (2D) image through deep artificial neural networks. Recent advancements in 3D shape reconstruction techniques that combine structured light and deep learning show promise in acquiring high-quality geometric information about object surfaces. This paper introduces a new single-shot 3D shape reconstruction method that uses a nonlinear fringe transformation approach through both supervised and unsupervised learning networks.

Bacteriophage T4 as a Protein-Based, Adjuvant- and Needle-Free, Mucosal Pandemic Vaccine Design Platform.

The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed vaccinology. Rapid deployment of mRNA vaccines has saved countless lives. However, these platforms have inherent limitations including lack of durability of immune responses and mucosal immunity, high cost, and thermal instability.

Associations Between Neighborhood Resources and Youths' Response to Reward Omission in a Task Modeling Negatively Biased Environments.

Objective: Neighborhoods provide essential resources (eg, education, safe housing, green space) that influence neurodevelopment and mental health. However, we need a clearer understanding of the mechanisms mediating these relationships. Limited access to neighborhood resources may hinder youths from achieving their goals and, over time, shape their behavioral and neurobiological response to negatively biased environments blocking goals and rewards.

The first six propositions of Archimedes' 1.

Modern commentators have doubts about the authenticity and cogency of the early propositions of Archimedes' Book 1. Ernst Mach famously said that the proof of Prop. 6, the so-called law of the lever, assumes what is to be proven.

The Rise in Tubular pH during Hypercalciuria Exacerbates Calcium Stone Formation.

In calcium nephrolithiasis (CaNL), most calcium kidney stones are identified as calcium oxalate (CaOx) with variable amounts of calcium phosphate (CaP), where CaP is found as the core component. The nucleation of CaP could be the first step of CaP+CaOx (mixed) stone formation. High urinary supersaturation of CaP due to hypercalciuria and an elevated urine pH have been described as the two main factors in the nucleation of CaP crystals.

Perspective-Advances in Voltammetric Methods for the Measurement of Biomolecules.

Voltammetry is a powerful electroanalytical tool that makes fast, real-time measurements of neurotransmitters and other molecules. Electroanalytical methods like cyclic, pulse, and stripping voltammetry are useful for qualitative and quantitative examination. Neurochemical sensing has been enhanced using carbon-based electrodes and waveform modification methods that improve sensitivity and stability of electrode performance.

A remarkable genetic shift in a transmitted/founder virus broadens antibody responses against HIV-1.

A productive HIV-1 infection in humans is often established by transmission and propagation of a single transmitted/founder (T/F) virus, which then evolves into a complex mixture of variants during the lifetime of infection. An effective HIV-1 vaccine should elicit broad immune responses in order to block the entry of diverse T/F viruses. Currently, no such vaccine exists.

An international panel perspective: Exploring nursing scholarship in academia.

Background: Boyer's framework of scholarship, the basis of many academic models for faculty promotion, is comprised of the components of discovery, teaching, integration, application, and engagement. Yet, the scholarship component of application (containing goal-based clinical practice) is undervalued by many academic models.

Purpose: This study explores the nursing activities currently qualifying as scholarship in several international academic models.

Enrollment and use of a peer counselor mHealth texting program to support breastfeeding in low-income people: A pilot study in the District of Columbia.

Objective: To describe the characteristics of postpartum people who did and did not enroll in a breastfeeding peer-counselor mobile health (mHealth) texting program as well as the issues raised through 2-way texting with peer counselors.

Design: Pilot intervention study involving two Special Supplemental Nutrition Programs for Women Infants and Children (WIC) sites in the District of Columbia over 1 year.

Sample: WIC recipients.

Development of a blueprint for sibling psychosocial services: A nationwide study.

Background: Siblings of youth with cancer have heightened risk for poor long-term psychosocial outcomes. Although sibling psychosocial care is a standard in pediatric oncology, this standard is among those least likely to be met. To address barriers to providing sibling services, a blueprint for systematic psychosocial screening and support of siblings was developed based on feedback from a national sample of psychosocial providers.

Selective Generation of Aldimine and Ketimine Tautomers of the Schiff Base Condensates of Amino Acids with Imidazole Aldehydes or of Imidazole Methanamines with Pyruvates-Isomeric Control with 2- vs. 4-Substituted Imidazoles.

The Schiff base condensation of 5-methyl-4-imidazole carboxaldehyde, 5Me4ImCHO, and the anion of an amino acid, HN-CH(R)CO (R = -CH, -CH(CH) and -CHCH(CH)), gives the aldimine tautomer, Im-CH=N-CH(R)CO, while that of 5-methylimidazole-4-methanamine, 5MeIm-4-CHNH, with a 2-oxocarboxylate anion, R-C(O)-CO, gives the isomeric ketimine tautomer, Im-CH-N=C(R)CO. All are isolated as the neutral nickel(II) complexes, NiL, and are characterized by single crystal structure determination, IR, and positive ion ESI MS. In the cases of the 4 substituted imidazoles, either 5MeIm-4-CHO or 5MeIm-4-CHNH, both the aldimine and ketimine complexes are isolated cleanly with no evidence of an equilibrium between the two tautomers under the experimental conditions.

Analysis of education and previous nursing experience of certified PNPs in the United States.

Background: Educational programs to prepare nurse practitioners (NPs) were historically built upon foundational nursing experience. Originally prepared as certificate programs in 1965, the educational requirements for nurse practitioners (NPs) rapidly shifted from certificate programs to the Master's degree (DellaBella, 2015; Fairman, 2008). As Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) degree programs increase in number, it is unknown whether this foundational nursing experience has changed, or if it differs by certification type for pediatric nurse practitioners (PNPs).

Video-microscopy-based automated trajectory determination.

We present a method for tracking densely clustered, high-velocity, indistinguishable objects being spawned at a high rate and moving in a directed force field using only object centroids as inputs and no other image information. The algorithm places minimal restrictions on the velocities or accelerations of the objects being tracked and uses a methodology based on a scoring function and a backtracking refinement process. This combination leads to successful tracking of hundreds of particles in challenging environments even when the displacement of the individual objects at successive times approaches the separation between neighboring objects in any one frame.

Responsiveness to exoskeleton loading during bimanual reaching is associated with corticospinal tract integrity in stroke.

Background: Device-based rehabilitation of upper extremity impairment following stroke often employs one-sized-fits-all approaches that do not account for individual differences in patient characteristics.

Objective: Determine if corticospinal tract lesion load could explain individual differences in the responsiveness to exoskeleton loading of the arms in chronic stroke participants.

Methods: Fourteen stroke participants performed a bimanual shared cursor reaching task in virtual reality while exoskeletons decreased the effective weight of the more-impaired arm and increased the effective weight of the less-impaired arm.

Horizontal magnetic tweezers and its applications in single molecule micromanipulation experiments.

Magnetic tweezers (MTs) have become indispensable tools for gaining mechanistic insights into the behavior of DNA-processing enzymes and acquiring detailed, high-resolution data on the mechanical properties of DNA. Currently, MTs have two distinct designs: vertical and horizontal (or transverse) configurations. While the vertical design and its applications have been extensively documented, there is a noticeable gap in comprehensive information pertaining to the design details, experimental procedures, and types of studies conducted with horizontal MTs.

Sex-specific Stone-forming Phenotype in Mice During Hypercalciuria/Urine Alkalinization.

Sex differences in kidney stone formation are well known. Females generally have slightly acidic blood and higher urine pH when compared with males, which makes them more vulnerable to calcium stone formation, yet the mechanism is still unclear. We aimed to examine the role of sex in stone formation during hypercalciuria and urine alkalinization through acetazolamide and calcium gluconate supplementation, respectively, for 4 weeks in wild-type (WT) and moderately hypercalciuric [TRPC3 knockout [KO](-/-)] male and female mice.

Multivariate Assessment of Inhibitory Control in Youth: Links With Psychopathology and Brain Function.

Inhibitory control is central to many theories of cognitive and brain development, and impairments in inhibitory control are posited to underlie developmental psychopathology. In this study, we tested the possibility of shared versus unique associations between inhibitory control and three common symptom dimensions in youth psychopathology: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, and irritability. We quantified inhibitory control using four different experimental tasks to estimate a latent variable in 246 youth (8-18 years old) with varying symptom types and levels.

Motor imagery ability scores are related to cortical activation during gait imagery.

Motor imagery (MI) is the mental execution of actions without overt movements that depends on the ability to imagine. We explored whether this ability could be related to the cortical activity of the brain areas involved in the MI network. To this goal, brain activity was recorded using high-density electroencephalography in nineteen healthy adults while visually imagining walking on a straight path.

PedBotLab: A Novel Video Game-Based Robotic Ankle Platform Created for Therapeutic Exercise for Children With Neurological Impairments.

Aims: Assess the potential benefits of using PedBotLab, a clinic based robotic ankle platform with integrated video game software, to improve ankle active and passive range of motion, strength, selective motor control, gait efficiency, and balance.

Methods: Ten participants with static neurological injuries and independent ambulation participated in a 10-week pilot study (Pro00013680) to assess feasibility and efficacy of PedBotLab as a therapeutic device twice weekly. Isometric ankle strength, passive and active ankle range of motion, plantarflexor spasticity, selective motor control of the lower extremity, balance, and gait speed were measured pre- and post-trial.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration in a Low-Income Population, Washington, DC.

To assess the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on breastfeeding initiation (BFI) and duration among women enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for women, infants, and children (WIC) in Washington District of Columbia (DC). We used WIC program data from Washington DC to assess the pandemic's impact on BFI and duration among WIC recipients. -Tests and unadjusted odds ratios compared breastfeeding outcomes before and during the pandemic.

Multilevel approaches to address disparities in lung cancer screening: a study protocol.

Background: Low-dose computed tomography (lung cancer screening) can reduce lung cancer-specific mortality by 20-24%. Based on this evidence, the United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends annual lung cancer screening for asymptomatic high-risk individuals. Despite this recommendation, utilization is low (3-20%).

Sleepless nights, sour moods: daily sleep-irritability links in a pediatric clinical sample.

Background: Sleep, or a lack thereof, is strongly related to mood dysregulation. Although considerable research uses symptom scales to examine this relation, few studies use longitudinal, real-time methods focused on pediatric irritability. This study leveraged an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol, assessing bidirectional associations between momentary irritability symptoms and daily sleep duration in a transdiagnostic pediatric sample enriched for irritability.