Anchoring and Judgment Bias: Disregarding Under Uncertainty.

The current investigation examined the nature of the cognitive processes that underlie decision-making behavior. The focus of this project centered on the effects of utilizing heuristics that pertain to the availability of information stored in memory. Anchoring effects demonstrate that people will use any available information sampled from memory as a reference for making judgments of frequency.

Meta-Analysis of the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adults With Comorbid Severe Mental Illness.

To evaluate the efficacy of psychosocial treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among individuals with a comorbid severe mental illness (SMI; ie, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder). PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library were searched from January 1998 to March 2020 using keywords related to PTSD, treatment, and severe mental illness. All clinical trials for PTSD psychotherapy among individuals with SMI were included.

miR-146a Dysregulates Energy Metabolism During Neuroinflammation.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by chronic neuroinflammation and a reduction in brain energy metabolism. An important role has emerged for small, non-coding RNA molecules known as microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathophysiology of many neurodegenerative disorders. As epigenetic regulators, miRNAs possess the capacity to regulate and fine tune protein production by inhibiting translation.

Development of a Measure of Calculative Mindset (CM): Establishing a Nomological Net and Predictive Utility of the CM Measure.

A calculative mindset (CM) describes the tendency to analyze and convert qualitative social values into numeric or monetary metrics and is a predisposition that shapes behaviors and actions of the employee. CM has been manipulated in experimental studies, but it has not been investigated in field research due to the absence of a scale to measure CM. In study 1, we followed Hinkin's scale development protocol to conceptualize, develop, and validate a measure of CM to facilirate research in organizational contexts.

Ethical conflict: Conceptualization, measurement, and an examination of consequences.

Previous research on workplace conflict has focused on disagreements about work tasks, processes, and personal relationships. However, conflicts often involve matters of right and wrong; yet, ethical conflict is notably absent from the literature. Informed by moral convictions theory, we introduce the construct of ethical conflict, create and validate a measure of it, and explore its unique effects on workplace outcomes.

Intermittent Lipopolysaccharide Exposure Significantly Increases Cortical Infarct Size and Impairs Autophagy.

Globally, stroke is a leading cause of death and disability. Traditional risk factors like hypertension, diabetes, and obesity do not fully account for all stroke cases. Recent infection is regarded as changes in systemic immune signaling, which can increase thrombosis formation and other stroke risk factors.

Ultradeep sequencing differentiates patterns of skin clonal mutations associated with sun-exposure status and skin cancer burden.

In ultraviolet (UV) radiation-exposed skin, mutations fuel clonal cell growth. The relationship between UV exposure and the accumulation of clonal mutations (CMs) and the correlation between CMs and skin cancer risk are largely unexplored. We characterized 450 individual-matched sun-exposed (SE) and non-SE (NE) normal human skin samples.

The effect of salinity fluctuation in freshwater streams on the fecundity of post-diapause Chironomus dilutus.

Much scientific research dedicated to understanding the effects of freshwater salinization caused by road de-icing salts has utilized static exposures, with many tests conducted at winter or spring temperatures. While relevant for lentic ecosystems, pulsed patterns of salinity occur in lotic environments, particularly in summer months where precipitation can decrease elevated salinity levels caused by retention of residual salts. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of pulsed patterns of salinity on the emergence, sex ratio, and fecundity of Chironomus dilutus over two generations of laboratory exposure.

Hydrogenation of pyrrole: Infrared spectra of the 2,3-dihydropyrrol-2-yl and 2,3-dihydropyrrol-3-yl radicals isolated in solid para-hydrogen.

The reaction of hydrogen atoms (H) with pyrrole (CHNH) in solid para-hydrogen (p-H) matrices at 3.2 K has been studied by infrared spectroscopy. Upon reaction of the H atoms with pyrrole in p-H, a new series of lines appeared in the infrared spectrum, and based on secondary photolysis, it was determined that the majority of the new lines belong to two distinct chemical species; these lines are designated as set A and set B.

Stretchable piezoelectric energy harvesters and self-powered sensors for wearable and implantable devices.

Wearable and implantable bio-integrated electronics have started to gain momentum because of their essential role in improving the quality of life for various patients and healthy individuals. However, their continuous operation is often limited by traditional battery technologies with a limited lifespan, creating a significant challenge for their development. Thus, it is highly desirable to harvest biomechanical energies from human motion for self-powered bio-integrated functional devices.

Emotion Dysregulation Predicts Dropout from Prolonged Exposure Treatment among Women Veterans with Military Sexual Trauma-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

Background: Military sexual trauma (MST) is notably prevalent among military personnel and can result in mental and physical health problems, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although there are several evidence-based treatments for MST-related PTSD, including prolonged exposure (PE) therapy, it is unclear what factors are associated with premature termination (i.e.

Merged Tacrine-Based, Multitarget-Directed Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors 2015-Present: Synthesis and Biological Activity.

Acetylcholinesterase is an important biochemical enzyme in that it controls acetylcholine-mediated neuronal transmission in the central nervous system, contains a unique structure with two binding sites connected by a gorge region, and it has historically been the main pharmacological target for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Given the large projected increase in Alzheimer's disease cases in the coming decades and its complex, multifactorial nature, new drugs that target multiple aspects of the disease at once are needed. Tacrine, the first acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used clinically but withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity concerns, remains an important starting point in research for the development of multitarget-directed acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.

Utility of normalizing Tenax extractable concentrations for phase volume in application as an environmental screening tool.

Bioaccessibility-based extraction tools, such as single-point Tenax extractions (SPTEs), provide cost-effective and accurate estimates of bioaccumulation and toxicity of hydrophobic organic contaminants during environmental sampling. Use of SPTEs as a screening tool in risk assessment is hindered by the requirement for normalization of extractable concentrations for organic carbon (OC). Normalizing SPTE concentrations for the volume of Tenax used during the extraction could improve the applicability of this methodology by removing the system dependence when applying SPTE concentrations to estimates of bioaccumulation.

Changes in gene expression in potato meristems treated with the sprout suppressor 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene are dependent on tuber age and dormancy status.

Commercial storage of potatoes often relies on the use of sprout inhibitors to prolong storage and reduce spoilage. The compound 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene (DMN) has seen increase application as a sprout inhibitor in the potato industry as older chemistries are being phased out. The mode of action of DMN is poorly understood as is the sensitivity of potato tissues to this new class of inhibitor.

Bridging the Information Gap Between Science and Society: A Solution to Nonpoint Source Contamination?

The dissemination of information associated with scientific achievement serves to advance research and guide future experimentation. In the sphere of environmental science, such advancements aim to better characterize harmful chemicals and the factors that influence in situ toxicity, which is central to the protection of the environments upon which humans depend. While some information regarding the dangers associated with common anthropogenic contaminants reaches wider audiences, the nuance of this information is often lost, potentially leading to ineffective solutions, specifically as it relates to nonpoint source contamination.

Structural variability of pendant groups within the interlayer region of zirconium arene-phosph(on)ates: chemical and structural characterization of oxy- and methyl-linked 2-naphthyl phosphonates, and mixed oxy-linked derivatives.

Several new zirconium phosphonates incorporating the naphthalene ring and having the general formula Zr(OPR)(OPR') [R and R' = -CHCH, -OCH, -CH, -OCH, -OH] have been synthesized. These materials were chemically characterized using thermal gravimetric analysis (percentage of organic content), infrared spectroscopy (presence of the desired organic functional groups), and solid-state P NMR (phosphorus environments), while the structural parameters were determined using X-ray powder diffraction (interlayer d spacings). The two new zirconium bis(phosphonates), Zr(OPCH) and Zr(OPCHCH), were found to have d spacings of 19.

Work Engagement and Resiliency Impact the Relationship Between Nursing Stress and Burnout.

Nursing is a stressful occupation, and consequently, nurses are at risk for work-related burnout. This is highly problematic, as numerous negative consequences are associated with burnout. Most notably, burnout may result in nurses leaving the profession, thereby exacerbating the nursing shortage.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptomatology, binge eating disorder symptomatology, and body mass index among college students.

To explore the relationship between symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), symptoms of binge eating disorder, and body mass index (BMI) among students at a southern university. Two hundred seventy-seven college students. Between January 31, 2013 and March 27, 2013, participants completed the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) Screener and the Binge Eating Scale (BES) in addition to permitting researchers to measure their height and weight.

Toxicity testing of "eco-friendly" de-icing formulations using Chironomus dilutus.

An influx of chloride ions from road de-icing solutions can result in toxicological effects to organisms in terrestrial and aquatic environments. As such, "eco-friendly" de-icing alternatives are sought to mitigate environmental impacts of de-icing impervious surfaces, while maintaining human safety. While many alternative de-icers are economically impractical for municipal use, the residential commercial market is flooded with de-icing formulations claiming to be "eco-friendly".

Rumination Mediates the Relationship Between Negative Affect and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Female Interpersonal Trauma Survivors.

Prior research has identified both rumination and negative affect (NA) as dimensional constructs related to the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While both dimensions demonstrate significant positive relationships with symptoms of PTSD, the relationship between the two within the context of the disorder has yet to be explored. Consistent with prior research in the social anxiety literature, the present study seeks to examine a model of mediation by which rumination accounts for the significant relationship between NA and PTSD symptoms.

Infrared spectra of the 1,1-dimethylallyl and 1,2-dimethylallyl radicals isolated in solid -hydrogen.

The reaction of hydrogen atoms (H) with isoprene (CH) in solid -hydrogen (-H) matrices at 3.2 K has been studied using infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Mixtures of CH and Cl were co-deposited in -H at 3.

Bioenergetics-adverse outcome pathway: Linking organismal and suborganismal energetic endpoints to adverse outcomes.

Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) link toxicity across levels of biological organization, and thereby facilitate the development of suborganismal responses predictive of whole-organism toxicity and provide the mechanistic information necessary for science-based extrapolation to population-level effects. Thus far AOPs have characterized various acute and chronic toxicity pathways; however, the potential for AOPs to explicitly characterize indirect, energy-mediated effects from toxicants has yet to be fully explored. Indeed, although exposure to contaminants can alter an organism's energy budget, energetic endpoints are rarely incorporated into ecological risk assessment because there is not an integrative framework for linking energetic effects to organismal endpoints relevant to risk assessment (e.

Direct test of the Gaussian auxiliary field ansatz in nonconserved order parameter phase ordering dynamics.

The assumption that the local order parameter is related to an underlying spatially smooth auxiliary field, u(r[over ⃗],t), is a common feature in theoretical approaches to non-conserved order parameter phase separation dynamics. In particular, the ansatz that u(r[over ⃗],t) is a Gaussian random field leads to predictions for the decay of the autocorrelation function which are consistent with observations, but distinct from predictions using alternative theoretical approaches. In this paper, the auxiliary field is obtained directly from simulations of the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equation in two and three dimensions.

Regulatory Focus and Conspiratorial Perceptions: The Importance of Personal Control.

We examine when and why people subscribe to conspiratorial beliefs, suggesting that promotion focus reduces conspiratorial perceptions by activating a sense of personal control. Study 1 established that individuals primed with promotion focus are less likely to perceive conspiracies than those in a baseline condition. However, individuals primed with prevention focus and those in a baseline condition did not differ in their levels of conspiratorial beliefs.

Development of sustainable community paramedicine programmes: a case study in Pennsylvania.

Background: Community paramedicine (CP) models have been applied across rural and urban communities in support of healthcare delivery systems for nearly two decades. However, there is still insufficient information regarding the development of sustainable CP programmes. This study explores the strategies used by active CP programmes and investigates their operational statuses, community demographics, financial models and challenges for programme development.