[Not Available].

Purpose: To prepare a Canadian French translation of the PEDro Scale under the proposed name l'Échelle PEDro, and to examine the validity of its content.

Methods: A modified approach of Vallerand's cross-cultural validation methodology was used, beginning with a parallel back-translation of the PEDro scale by both professional translators and clinical researchers. These versions were reviewed by an initial panel of experts (P1), who then created the first experimental version of l'Échelle PEDro.

Entropic elasticity of dilated and contorted idealized circular chains.

Thermal energy provides random motion to particles that leads to the well-known entropic force, which favors the clumping of linear and circular molecules. We evaluate the entropic force which resists the radial dilation and subsequent twisting out of plane of circular polymers by developing mechanical models and performing molecular dynamics simulations. We find that dilating a circular chain is analogous to stretching its linear counterpart.