Computational phantoms, ICRP/ICRU, and further developments.

Phantoms simulating the human body play a central role in radiation dosimetry. The first computational body phantoms were based upon mathematical expressions describing idealised body organs. With the advent of more powerful computers in the 1980s, voxel phantoms have been developed.

Discontinuation of etanercept after achievement of sustained remission in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who initially had moderate disease activity-results from the ENCOURAGE study, a prospective, international, multicenter randomized study.

Objectives: To investigate the efficacy and safety of etanercept (ETN) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with moderate disease activity and the possibility to discontinue ETN after achieving remission.

Methods: Multicenter, randomized, and open-label study was conducted in Japan and Korea. RA patients (disease duration <5 years) with moderate disease activity despite methotrexate (MTX) treatment were allocated to either MTX or ETN + MTX (Period 1) for 12 months.