Exploring Understanding of "Understanding": The Paradigm Case of Biobank Consent Comprehension.

Data documenting poor understanding among research participants and real-time efforts to assess comprehension in large-scale studies are focusing new attention on informed consent comprehension. Within the context of biobanking consent, we previously convened a multidisciplinary panel to reach consensus about what information must be understood for a prospective participant's consent to be considered valid. Subsequently, we presented them with data from another study showing that many U.

Persistent breast pain in post-surgery breast cancer survivors and women with no history of breast surgery or cancer: associations with pain catastrophizing, perceived breast cancer risk, breast cancer worry, and emotional distress.

Persistent breast pain (PBP) is prevalent among breast cancer survivors and has powerful negative psychological consequences. The present study provided a first test of the hypothesis that: (a) pain catastrophizing, (b) heightened perceived risk of cancer, and (c) worry that pain indicates cancer may be independent mediating links between breast cancer survivors' experiences of PBP and heightened emotional distress. We assessed levels of PBP and psychological factors in breast cancer survivors (Survivor Group:  = 417; Stages I-IIIA; White = 88.

In Defense of "Denial": Difficulty Knowing When Beliefs Are Unrealistic and Whether Unrealistic Beliefs Are Bad.

Bioethicists often draw sharp distinctions between hope and states like denial, self-deception, and unrealistic optimism. But what, exactly, is the difference between hope and its more suspect cousins? One common way of drawing the distinction focuses on accuracy of belief about the desired outcome: Hope, though perhaps sometimes misplaced, does not involve inaccuracy in the way that these other states do. Because inaccurate beliefs are thought to compromise informed decision making, bioethicists have considered these states to be ones where intervention is needed either to correct the person's mental state or to persuade the person to behave differently, or even to deny the person certain options (e.

Ischemic QRS prolongation as a predictor of ventricular fibrillation in a canine model.

Objectives: An acute coronary occlusion and its possible subsequent complications is one of the most common causes of death. One such complication is ventricular fibrillation (VF) due to myocardial ischemia. The severity of ischemia is related to the amount of coronary arterial collateral flow.

Effectiveness of a Structured Teaching Program on Knowledge and Attitudes Toward HIV among Young Women in India.

India has the third highest number of persons living with HIV in the world. We evaluated the effectiveness of a structured teaching program on HIV-related knowledge and attitudes among 600 young women, aged 20-40 years, in India. This study employed a quasi-experimental pre-post design.

Roles of Guilt Cognitions in Trauma-Related Sleep Disturbance in Military Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

: Despite a well-established role of guilt cognitions in the maintenance and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), relationships of guilt cognitions to nightmares are not well understood. This study investigated the ways in which guilt cognitions, related to traumatic events, influenced the relationship between combat exposure and trauma-related sleep disturbance in military Veterans with PTSD. : We recruited a sample of 50 Veterans with PTSD who completed study measures at a screening session.

Maximizing in vivo target clearance by design of pH-dependent target binding antibodies with altered affinity to FcRn.

Antibodies with pH-dependent binding to both target antigens and neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) provide an alternative tool to conventional neutralizing antibodies, particularly for therapies where reduction in antigen level is challenging due to high target burden. However, the requirements for optimal binding kinetic framework and extent of pH dependence for these antibodies to maximize target clearance from circulation are not well understood. We have identified a series of naturally-occurring high affinity antibodies with pH-dependent target binding properties.

Retinal Findings on OCT in Systemic Conditions.

Purpose: Imaging technology has advanced by leaps and bounds in the recent past and has resulted in a much greater understanding of ocular diseases. The aim of this review article is to summarize optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings of various systemic conditions.

Method: A systematic literature search of the Medline/PubMed database was performed.

Values that Fathers Communicate to Sons about Sex, Sexuality, Relationships, and Marriage.

African American males between ages 13 and 24 are disproportionately affected by unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV/AIDS; indeed, they account for 50% of HIV infections among all youth. Clear communication between parents and their youth about sex is associated with higher rates of sexual abstinence, condom use, and intent to delay initiation of sexual intercourse, which can prevent STIs and unintended pregnancy. However, barriers exist for parents to educate their youth about sexual health.

Vida Calma: CBT for Anxiety with a Spanish-Speaking Hispanic Adult.

Background: Hispanic adults aged 55 years and older are the fastest growing ethnic minority group in the United States facing significant mental health disparities. Barriers in accessing care have been attributed to low income, poor education, language barriers, and stigma. Cultural adaptations to existing evidence-based treatments have been encouraged to improve access.

On the evaluation of reliability, repeatability, and reproducibility of instrumental evaluation methods and measurement systems.

Validation of instrumental evaluation methods or measurement systems plays an important role in both pharmaceutical and cosmetic research and development. In practice, it is suggested that validation should be performed according to performance characteristics as described in the United States Pharmacopedia and National Formulary (USP/NF, 2000) for analytical methods validation. A validated method or measurement system is expected to achieve a certain degree of accuracy and reliability.

"Wine you get every day, but a child you can't replace": The perceived impact of parental drinking on child outcomes in a South African township.

Objective: This study explored the perceived impact of parental drinking on children in a South African township where alcohol abuse is prevalent and high levels of existing poverty and violence may exacerbate potential consequences on children.

Method: Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with 92 male and female participants recruited from alcohol-serving venues in Cape Town, South Africa.

Results: Grounded theory analyses revealed three major aspects of parental drinking - intoxication, venue attendance and expenditures on alcohol - which participants linked to negative proximal outcomes (e.

Predictive value of hyperthermia and intracranial hypertension on neurological outcomes in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

Background: Intracranial hypertension (ICH) and hyperthermia are common after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and associated with worse neurological outcomes. This study sets out to determine the combined power of temperature and intracranial pressure (ICP) for predicting neurologic outcomes and prolonged length of stay (LOS) following severe TBI.

Methods: High resolution (every 6 seconds) temperature and ICP data were collected in adults with severe TBI from 2008-2010.

Risk factors for post-operative wound infection in the setting of chorioamnionitis and cesarean delivery.

Objective: The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with an increased risk of post-operative wound infection in women with chorioamnionitis who undergo cesarean delivery.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of women with clinical chorioamnionitis who underwent cesarean delivery at a tertiary-care center between June 2010 and May 2013. Demographic data, labor and delivery details and post-operative outcomes were collected.

Changing patterns of chemotherapy relative dose intensity and supportive care for aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Maintaining high relative dose intensity (RDI) is associated with improved outcomes, especially in patients with aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). To evaluate changes in practice, we examined RDI, chemotherapy treatment patterns, dose delays and reductions, neutropenia and related consequences, and supportive care in 500 patients with aggressive B-cell NHL treated between 2006-2009. We then compared the results to a previous study of patients treated between 1993-2001.

Albiglutide: clinical overview of a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists have become an important therapeutic option for patients with Type 2 diabetes because of their ability to lower blood glucose and help patients lose weight. There are currently three glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on the market. In the near future, albiglutide will undergo review by the US FDA for possible approval.