Bright and ultrafast electron point source made of LaB nanotip.

The development of time-resolved transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultrafast electron spectroscopy and pulsed X-ray sources relies on the realization of stable and high brightness sources of ultra-short electron bunches with a long service time. The flat photocathodes implanted in thermionic electron guns have been replaced by Schottky-type or cold-field emission sources driven by ultra-fast laser. Recently, lanthanum hexaboride (LaB) nanoneedles have been reported to have high brightness and high emission stability when working in a continuous emission mode.

On stochastic dynamic modeling of incidence data.

In this paper, a Markov Regime Switching Model of Conditional Mean with covariates, is proposed and investigated for the analysis of incidence rate data. The components of the model are selected by both penalized likelihood techniques in conjunction with the Expectation Maximization algorithm, with the goal of achieving a high level of robustness regarding the modeling of dynamic behaviors of epidemiological data. In addition to statistical inference, Changepoint Detection Analysis is performed for the selection of the number of regimes, which reduces the complexity associated with Likelihood Ratio Tests.

High-resolution terahertz-driven atom probe tomography.

Ultrafast control of matter by a strong electromagnetic field on the atomic scale is essential for future investigations and manipulations of ionization dynamics and excitation in solids. Coupling picosecond duration terahertz pulses to metallic nanostructures allows the generation of extremely localized and intense electric fields. Here, using single-cycle terahertz pulses, we demonstrate control over field ion emission from metallic nanotips.

Preparation and physicochemical characterization of ghee and mūrcchita ghŗ̥ta.

Background: Ghŗ̥ta mūrcchana is a process of pre-treatment recommended in Ayurveda to purify ghee before it can be used for siddha ghŗ̥ta which is claimed to improve the properties of the ghee in general and that of the prepared siddha ghŗ̥ta.

Objective: This work is aimed at studying the physiochemical properties of ghee and mūrcchita ghŗ̥ta in order to understand the impact of ghŗ̥ta mūrcchana process.

Materials And Methods: Ghee and mūrcchita ghŗ̥ta were prepared from the milk of local Pahadi, Jersey and Holstein cows.

Translational approach from preclinical to clinical: comparison of dose finding methods of a new Bcl2 inhibitor using PK-PD modeling and interspecies extrapolation.

The attrition rate of anticancer drugs during the clinical development remains very high. Interspecies extrapolation of anticancer drug pharmacodynamics (PD) could help to bridge the gap between preclinical and clinical settings and to improve drug development. Indeed, when combined with a physiologically-based-pharmacokinetics (PBPK) approach, PD interspecies extrapolation could be a powerful tool for predicting drug behavior in clinical trials.

[HPV: Carcinogenic implications and preventive measures].

Human oncogenic papillomaviruses (HPV) have an increasingly prominent role in the genesis of many cancers. The oncogenic mechanisms associated with HPV are now better known and make it possible to explain the etiopathogenesis of the association. HPV status is now sought for certain cancers and conditions both prognosis and management of patients.

Photoassisted and multiphoton emission from single-crystal diamond needles.

Practical realization of stable and high brightness sources of ultra-short electron pulses is an important issue in the development of time-resolved electron microscopy for the study of ultra-fast dynamics in materials. Here, we report on the experimental investigation of static (in the dark) and pulsed (under illumination by sub-picosecond laser pulses at 1040 nm) electron emission from single-crystal diamond needles. A significant increase of electron emission current was detected under laser illumination.

Development and reliability of metrics to characterize types and sources of stigma among men who have sex with men and female sex workers in Togo and Burkina Faso.

Background: Stigma is a multifaceted concept that potentiates Human Immunodeficiency Virus and sexually transmitted infection acquisition and transmission risks among key populations, including men who have sex with men (MSM) and female sex workers (FSW). Despite extensive stigma literature, limited research has characterized the types and sources of stigma reported by key populations in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Methods: This study leveraged data collected from 1356 MSM and 1383 FSW in Togo and Burkina Faso, recruited via respondent-driven sampling.

An ART score to note objectively the quality of an ART procedure.

Objective: To construct an ART score to evaluate an ART procedure before the result (pregnancy or not), and to provide objective data in discussions with couples in the decision to discontinue further attempts.

Study Design: A retrospective multicentrique study was performed. The ART score was constructed using data from the MediFirst database used in our center.

Combining Multiscale Approaches for the Structure Determination of an Iron Layered Oxysulfate: SrFeO(SO).

The new iron layered oxysulfate SrFeO(SO) has been prepared by a solid-state reaction in closed ampules into the form of ceramics and single crystals. Its atomic structure has been solved by means of spectroscopy, diffraction techniques, and high-resolution electron microscopy. SrFeO(SO) is a layered structure that derives from the Ruddelsden-Popper (RP) phases with the layer stacking sequence SrO/SrFeO/SrFe(SO)O/SrFeO.

[Immunotherapy: Activation of a system not a pathway].

Immunotherapy is on the roll. After revolutionary effects in melanoma, immunotherapy is invading other locations. If current treatments, chemotherapies or targeted therapies block one pathway, immunotherapy should be understood as the activation of a whole system.

[50th anniversary of cisplatin].

We have just celebrated the 50th anniversary of cisplatin cytotoxic potential discovery. It is time to take stock… and it seems mainly positive. This drug, that revolutionized the treatment of many cancer types, continues to be the most widely prescribed chemotherapy.

[Care of Merkel cell carcinoma and role of the radiotherapy].

Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare neuro-endocrine tumor of skin with a poor prognosis. Data available in literature are scarce. Current treatment for locoregional disease is based on combined treatment by surgery and radiotherapy.

[Reappraisal role of locoregional radiation therapy in metastatic cancers].

Recent innovations in oncology area helped to improve the prognosis of certain cancers including metastatic ones with a decrease in mortality. Recommendations describe the treatment of metastatic cancer as systemic therapy or complementary care and the role of locoregional treatment in the treatment plan only occurs in a palliative context. Currently, in the clinical practice, out of "the evidence based medicine", an early locoregional therapy (surgery or radiation therapy) can be proposed in several cases of metastatic cancers.

Fifteen new species of Penicillium.

We introduce 15 new species of Penicillium isolated from a diverse range of locations, including Canada, Costa Rica, Germany, Italy, New Zealand, Tanzania, USA and the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, from a variety of habitats, including leaf surfaces in tropical rain forests, soil eaten by chimpanzees, infrabuccal pockets of carpenter ants, intestinal contents of caterpillars and soil. The new species are classified in sections Aspergilloides (1), Canescentia (2), Charlesia (1), Exilicaulis (3), Lanata-Divaricata (7) and Stolkia (1). Each is characterised and described using classical morphology, LC-MS based extrolite analyses and multigene phylogenies based on ITS, BenA and CaM.

[Prostate cancer of elderly patients: Place and role of geriatric assessment].

Introduction: The aim of this study was to appreciate the place and role of geriatric assessment in elderly patients with prostate cancer.

Materials And Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of prostate cancer patients who underwent geriatric assessment during the therapeutic management from 2008 to 2014. Patient, tumor, treatment characteristics and their associated toxicity as well as the parameters of geriatric assessment were studied.

Kinetic theory of diffusion-limited nucleation.

We examine binary nucleation in the size and composition space {R,c} using the formalism of the multivariable theory [N. V. Alekseechkin, J.

Validation of modelled imaging plates sensitivity to 1-100 keV x-rays and spatial resolution characterisation for diagnostics for the "PETawatt Aquitaine Laser".

Thanks to their high dynamic range and ability to withstand electromagnetic pulse, imaging plates (IPs) are commonly used as passive detectors in laser-plasma experiments. In the framework of the development of the diagnostics for the Petawatt Aquitaine Laser facility, we present an absolute calibration and spatial resolution study of five different available types of IP (namely, MS-SR-TR-MP-ND) performed by using laser-induced K-shell X-rays emitted by a solid silver target irradiated by the laser ECLIPSE at CEntre Lasers Intenses et Applications. In addition, IP sensitivity measurements were performed with a 160 kV X-ray generator at CEA DAM DIF, where the absolute response of IP SR and TR has been calibrated to X-rays in the energy range 8-75 keV with uncertainties of about 15%.

[The French Chronic Kidney Disease-Renal Epidemiology and Information Network (CKD-REIN) cohort study: To better understand chronic kidney disease].

Background: Preserving kidney function and improving the transition from chronic kidney disease to end stage is a research and healthcare challenge. The national Chronic Kidney Disease-Renal Epidemiology and Information Network (CKD-REIN) cohort was established to identify the determinants, biomarkers and practice patterns associated with chronic kidney disease outcomes.

Methods: The study will include more than 3000 adult patients with moderate to advanced chronic kidney disease from a representative sample of 40 nephrology clinics with respect to regions and legal status, public or private.

[Leber-Coats' disease: A retrospective study of 10 patients].

Introduction: Retrospective study analyzing clinical characteristics and treatment of children affected by Leber-Coats' disease.

Method: Children with Leber-Coats' disease seen in Edouard-Herriot Hospital, Lyon, between January 2004 and September 2013 were included. The following clinical characteristics were reported: sex, age at diagnosis, presenting symptom, Shields' stage, treatment used, and visual outcomes.

[Radiosensitivity and/or radioresistance of head and neck cancers: Biological angle].

Radiation therapy is a cornerstone of head and neck cancer management. Technological improvements in recent years in radiation therapy, with intensity-modulated techniques, reinforce even more its role. However, both local and locoregional relapses are still observed.

[Cancer stem cells: Radiotherapeutic features and therapeutic targets].

Recent evidences suggest that many types of cancers contain a cell population presenting stem cell properties. While the great majority of tumor cells are destined to differentiate, and eventually stop dividing, only a minority population of cells, termed cancer stem cells (CSCs), possesses extensive self-renewal capability and can recapitulate tumor pathophysiology in an immune-compromised animal model. Tumor initiating cells have been identified and isolated in many tumor types including brain, colon and prostate.

Effect of the laser pulse width on the field evaporation behavior of metals and oxides.

The laser assisted field-evaporation of metals and oxides strongly depends on the illumination conditions. Here we study the effect of laser pulse width using two different laser systems, with a pulse duration of a few tens of femtoseconds and a few tens of picoseconds, respectively. Adjusting the laser wavelength by nonlinear optical conversion systems, we study the evaporation behavior of FeCu and MgO samples.