Sadness and Anxiety Modify the Relationship Between COVID-19 and Gastrointestinal Symptoms at 6-12 Months of Follow-up.

Background And Aims: It is unclear to what degree post-COVID-19 gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus vs psychological factors related to the stress of the pandemic. To evaluate this, we compared rates of long-term GI and mental health symptoms in patients testing positive vs negative for SARS-CoV-2.

Methods: Adults presenting for SARS-CoV-2 testing from April to November 2020 were prospectively enrolled in a longitudinal cohort.

Treatment of US Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.

Importance: Characterizing the extent and pattern of unmet needs for treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) could help target efforts to improve access to ADHD medications and outpatient mental health care.

Objective: To describe current ADHD medication use and lifetime outpatient mental health care among a large national sample of children with ADHD.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This study uses cross-sectional survey data from the first wave of the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study (n = 11 723), conducted from June 1, 2016, to October 15, 2018, among 1206 school children aged 9 and 10 years who met parent-reported Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) criteria for current ADHD.

Prevalence and Correlates of Mental Disorders in Children Aged 9 and 10 Years: Results From the ABCD Study.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of current DSM-5 disorders in children 9 to 10 years of age and their associations with sociodemographic and physical characteristics.

Method: In this analysis of Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) first wave study data, current child mental disorders were based on the computerized parent version of Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS) for DSM-5 (N = 11,874) supplemented with the child version of K-SADS for mood and selected anxiety disorders and with teacher Brief Problem Monitor ratings for the attention and externalizing scales. Child sociodemographic (race/ethnicity, nativity, parental marital status, parental education, family income) and physical (sex, pubertal stage, weight status, maternal age) characteristics were derived from parent report and anthropometric measurement.

Prescription psychostimulants for cocaine use disorder: A review from molecular basis to clinical approach.

Cocaine use is a public health concern in many countries worldwide, particularly in the Americas and Oceania. Overdose deaths involving stimulants, such as cocaine, have been increasing markedly in North America, especially with concurrent opioid involvement. To date, no pharmacological treatment is available to treat stimulant (including cocaine) use disorders.

The socio-ecological context of U.S. college student drinking: A latent class analysis.

Background: U.S. college student drinking typologies often consider quantity and frequency but not the socio-environmental contexts in which students obtain alcohol and drink.

Inhibition of norepinephrine signaling during a sensitive period disrupts locus coeruleus circuitry and emotional behaviors in adulthood.

Deficits in arousal and stress responsiveness are a feature of numerous psychiatric disorders including depression and anxiety. Arousal is supported by norepinephrine (NE) released from specialized brainstem nuclei, including the locus coeruleus (LC) neurons into cortical and limbic areas. During development, the NE system matures in concert with increased exploration of the animal's environment.

Role of Perceived Physical and Mental Fatigability Severity on Prospective, Recurrent, and Injurious Fall Risk in Older Men.

Background: Falls occur annually in 25% of adults aged ≥65 years. Fall-related injuries are increasing, highlighting the need to identify modifiable risk factors.

Methods: Role of fatigability on prospective, recurrent, and injurious fall risk was examined in 1 740 men aged 77-101 years in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study.

Generalised exponential-Gaussian distribution: a method for neural reaction time analysis.

Reaction times (RTs) are an essential metric used for understanding the link between brain and behaviour. As research is reaffirming the tight coupling between neuronal and behavioural RTs, thorough statistical modelling of RT data is thus essential to enrich current theories and motivate novel findings. A statistical distribution is proposed herein that is able to model the complete RT's distribution, including location, scale and shape: the generalised-exponential-Gaussian (GEG) distribution.

"It Is Hard to Be a Woman With Schizophrenia": Randomized Controlled Trial of a Brief Video Intervention to Reduce Public Stigma in Young Adults.

Women with schizophrenia encounter specific gender-related stressors that may affect their recovery process. They are more susceptible to victimization and tend to experience more shame and stigma about their illness. Confronting stigma early in the illness could enhance treatment seeking.

Intravenous Ketamine for Late-Life Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Pilot Study of Tolerability, Safety, Clinical Benefits, and Effect on Cognition.

Objective: Evidence-based treatment options for late-life treatment-resistant depression (TRD) are limited. Ketamine is a promising treatment for TRD; however, there is a paucity of data on its safety and efficacy in older adults.

Methods: In this pilot clinical trial, 25 adults aged ≥60 years with TRD received IV ketamine openly twice a week for 4 weeks; partial responders at the end of this acute phase were eligible to receive weekly infusions for 4 more weeks in a continuation phase.

Ethnoracial Variation in Risk for Psychotic Experiences.

Background & Hypothesis: Psychotic disorders are inequitably distributed by race in the United States, although it is not known whether this is due to assessment biases or inequitable distributions of risk factors. Psychotic experiences are subclinical hallucinations and delusions used to study the etiology of psychosis, which are based on self-report and therefore not subject to potential clinician biases. In this study, we test whether the prevalence of psychotic experiences (PE) varies by race and if this variance is explained by socioenvironmental risk factors.

Brain volumetric correlates of remotely versus in-person administered symbol digit modalities test in multiple sclerosis.

Background: Prior studies in multiple sclerosis (MS) support reliability of telehealth-delivered cognitive batteries, although, to date, none have reported relationships of cognitive test performance to neural correlates across administration modalities. In this study we aimed to compare brain-behavior relationships, using the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), the most reliable and sensitive cognitive measure in MS, measured from patients seen via telehealth versus in-person.

Methods: SDMT was administered to individuals with MS either in-person (N=60, mean age=39.

Readiness to change among justice-involved young adults in an alternative sentencing program who screened positive for alcohol or drug risk.

Introduction: Readiness to change is a key component of substance use behavioral change; yet little is known about readiness to change among justice-involved young adults. This study 1) describes readiness to change alcohol and drug use and 2) examines predictors of readiness to change alcohol and drug use among justice-involved young adults.

Method: Justice-involved young adults (18-24 years; n = 137) who were positive on a validated alcohol and/or drug screening tool completed an interview assessing substance use, readiness to change, and reasons to quit.

Decreased Gut Microbiome Tryptophan Metabolism and Serotonergic Signaling in Patients With Persistent Mental Health and Gastrointestinal Symptoms After COVID-19.

Introduction: An estimated 15%-29% of patients report new gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms after coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) while 4%-31% report new depressive symptoms. These symptoms may be secondary to gut microbiome tryptophan metabolism and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-based signaling.

Methods: This study used specimens from 2 patient cohorts: (i) fecal samples from patients with acute COVID-19 who participated in a randomized controlled trial testing prebiotic fiber and (ii) blood samples from patients with acute COVID-19.

Examining the role of problematic drug use in the relationship between discrimination and sleep disturbance in transgender and nonbinary individuals.

Objective: Transgender and nonbinary (TGNB) individuals are a health disparity population at high risk for sleep disturbance (e.g., insomnia).

An Intersectional Approach to Ethnoracial Disparities in Pathways to Care Among Individuals With Psychosis in Coordinated Specialty Care.

Importance: Intersecting factors of social position including ethnoracial background may provide meaningful ways to understand disparities in pathways to care for people with a first episode of psychosis.

Objective: To examine differences in pathways to care by ethnoracial groups and by empirically derived clusters combining multiple factors of social and clinical context in an ethnoracially diverse multisite early-intervention service program for first-episode psychosis.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cohort study used data collected on individuals with recent-onset psychosis (<2 years) by clinicians with standardized forms from October 2013 to January 2020 from a network of 21 coordinated specialty care (CSC) programs in New York State providing recovery-oriented, evidence-based psychosocial interventions and medications to young people experiencing early psychosis.

Implementing PrEP Services in Diverse Health Care Settings.

Background: Uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in the US has been limited. Evidence for why and how PrEP has been successfully integrated into some clinical settings, but not in others is minimal. To address this gap, we conducted a qualitative study to identify contextual factors that facilitated and challenged the implementation of PrEP services.

Summary metrics of memory subnetwork functional connectivity alterations in multiple sclerosis.

Background: Memory dysfunction is common in multiple sclerosis (MS); mechanistic understanding of its causes is lacking. Large-scale network resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) is sensitive to memory dysfunction.

Objective: We derived and tested summary metrics of memory network RSFC.

Integrated psychological care in pediatric hospital settings for children with complex chronic illness and their families: a systematic review.

Objective: To synthesize and critically evaluate evidence on the effectiveness of integrated psychological care models for children with complex chronic illness within pediatric hospital settings and provide recommendations for successful implementation.

Design: Six electronic databases (Medline, Cochrane, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, CINAHL) were systematically searched for English language studies including families of children aged 0-17 years with complex chronic illness. Eligible studies reported on psychology or neuropsychology screening, assessment, intervention, or services provided within a pediatric hospital setting.

Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Efficacy of Pharmacological Interventions for Irritability and Emotional Dysregulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Predictors of Response.

Objective: Emotional dysregulation and irritability are common in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We conducted the first meta-analysis assessing the efficacy of a broad range of pharmacological interventions for emotional dysregulation and irritability in ASD and predictors of response.

Method: Following a preregistered protocol (PROSPERO: CRD42021235779), we systematically searched multiple databases until January 1, 2021.

Environmental noise, brain structure, and language development in children.

While excessive noise exposure in childhood has been associated with reduced language ability, few studies have examined potential underlying neurobiological mechanisms that may account for noise-related differences in language skills. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that higher everyday noise exposure would be associated with 1) poorer language skills and 2) differences in language-related cortical structure. A socioeconomically diverse sample of children aged 5-9 (N = 94) completed standardized language assessments.