The effect of localized disturbance on the acoustic behavior of the common tern (Sterna hirundo).

In this study, passive acoustic monitoring was used to assess the impact of investigator disturbance on the acoustic behavior of a colony of common terns. A graded antipredator response in the colony was hypothesized, which would result in an increase in acoustic energy with increased proximity to investigator disturbance. Human disturbance was found to result in a significant increase in acoustic energy within 20 meters of recorders, though not from farther distances.

Higher-order nonequilibrium term: Effective power density quantifying evolution towards or away from local thermodynamic equilibrium.

A common approach to assess the nature of energy conversion in a classical fluid or plasma is to compare power densities of the various possible energy conversion mechanisms. A leading research area is quantifying energy conversion for systems that are not in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE), as is common in a number of fluid and plasma systems. Here we introduce the "higher-order nonequilibrium term" (HORNET) effective power density, which quantifies the rate of change of departure of a phase space density from LTE.

Behavior, process, and scale: Comments on Shimp (2020), "Molecular (moment-to-moment) and molar (aggregate) analyses of behavior".

If we study the behavior of organisms, we must understand the ontological status of both "organism" and "behavior." A living organism maintains itself alive by constantly interacting with the environment, taking in energy and discarding waste. Ontologically, an organism is a process.

[Interannual Variation of Metal Elements and Water-Soluble Ions in PM During Wintertime in Xinxiang and Their Source Apportionment].

To study the interannual variations of chemical composition and source apportionment, a field campaign was carried out to collect the PM temperance sample during the winter of 2015 and the winter of 2016 in Xinxiang urban areas. PM mass concentration, metal elements, and the water-soluble ions were determined and meteorological factors were recorded simultaneously. The results showed that the daily mean concentrations of PM indicated serious pollution with values of 226 μg·m and 224 μg·m in 2015 and 2016, respectively.

[Impacts of one-off fertilization on nitrogen leaching and economic benefits for rice-rape rotation system].

One-off fertilization is a new technology of one-time applying base fertilizer near the rhizosphere during whole crop cultivation period. It has the advantages of simplifying fertilization manage-ment and reducing labor costs, but its impacts on environment, such as leaching characteristics need further analysis. We set five treatments in the typical rice-rape rotation system in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, including control treatment (CK), farmers' practice treatment (FP), optimal fertilizer treatment (OPT), one-off application of urea fertilizer treatment (UA) and one-off application of controlled release urea treatment (CRF).

Multiscale behavior analysis and molar behaviorism: An overview.

In the context of evolutionary theory, behavior is the interaction between the organism and its environment. Two implications follow: (a) behavior takes time; and (b) behavior is defined by its function. That behavior takes time implies that behavioral units are temporally extended patterns or activities.

Multiple-year nitrous oxide emissions from a greenhouse vegetable field in China: Effects of nitrogen management.

The greenhouse vegetable (GV) field is an important agricultural system in China. It may also be a hot spot of nitrous oxide (NO) emissions. However, knowledge on NO emission from GV fields and its mitigation are limited due to considerable variations of NO emissions.

Selection by consequences, behavioral evolution, and the price equation.

Price's equation describes evolution across time in simple mathematical terms. Although it is not a theory, but a derived identity, it is useful as an analytical tool. It affords lucid descriptions of genetic evolution, cultural evolution, and behavioral evolution (often called "selection by consequences") at different levels (e.

Augmented and Delayed Feedback in the Chevreul Pendulum Illusion.

Two experiments were performed with male and female college students to determine the effects of augmented and delayed feedback on the Chevreul pendulum effect: the tendency of a small pendulum, when suspended from the hand and imaginatively concentrated on, to oscillate seemingly of its own accord. Using a time exposure photographic measurement technique and an electronically monitored pendulum, visual and auditory analog feedback was presented to Ss during imaginal processing tasks. It was found in Experiment I (N = 14) that both visual and auditory analog feedback facilitated the pendulum effect, although not as extensively as normal visual feedback.