Earlier age at menarche in girls with rapid early life growth: cohort and within sibling analyses.

Purpose: The purpose of the article was to examine the association of early life growth with age at menarche.

Methods: Using data from a prospective birth cohort (n = 1134 women, 290 sibling sets), we assessed the association between postnatal growth at 4 months, 1 year, and 4 years and age at menarche, using generalized estimating equations and generalized linear random effects models.

Results: Overall, 18% of the cohort experienced early menarche (<12 years).

Serotonin Signaling through Prefrontal Cortex 5-HT Receptors during Adolescence Can Determine Baseline Mood-Related Behaviors.

Lifelong homeostatic setpoints for mood-related behaviors emerge during adolescence. Serotonin (5-HT) plays an important role in refining the formation of brain circuits during sensitive developmental periods. In rodents, the role of 5-HT receptors in general and autoreceptors in particular has been characterized in anxiety.

Parental bonding and hoarding in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Background: Hoarding behavior may indicate a clinically and possibly etiologically distinct subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Empirical evidence supports a relationship between hoarding and emotional over-attachment to objects. However, little is known about the relationship between hoarding and parental attachment in OCD.

Impact of histamine receptors H1 and H3 polymorphisms on antipsychotic-induced weight gain.

Objectives: A positive correlation between antipsychotic-induced weight gain (AIWG) and the antagonist effect of antipsychotic drugs at the histamine H1 receptor (HRH1) as well as the agonist effect at the histamine H3 receptor (HRH3) in the brain has been consistently demonstrated. We investigated the potential impact of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in HRH1 and HRH3 genes on AIWG.

Methods: We analysed 40 tagSNPs in HRH1 (n = 34) and HRH3 (n = 6) in schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder patients (n = 193) primarily treated with clozapine or olanzapine for up to 14 weeks.

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Operative Bleeding Risk: A Review of the Literature.

Objective: This study aimed to review the data on the effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on bleeding during or after operative procedures and to offer guidelines for clinical management.

Data Sources: Search of PubMed and MEDLINE for all articles in English from 1990-2016 with key words depression, antidepressants, bleeding, platelets, and operation.

Study Selection: Studies were included if they reported information on bleeding complications during operative or childbirth procedures in patients taking antidepressants.

Neural changes in extinction recall following prolonged exposure treatment for PTSD: A longitudinal fMRI study.

Background: Neurobiological models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) implicate fear processing impairments in the maintenance of the disorder. Specific deficits in extinction recall, the retention of learned extinction, have been demonstrated. While deficient extinction recall, and the associated activation pattern of prefrontal and hippocampal regions, distinguishes individuals with PTSD from controls, research has not yet examined changes following treatment.

Effect of Aptensio XR (Methylphenidate HCl Extended-Release) Capsules on Sleep in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Objective: To evaluate measures of sleep (exploratory endpoints) in two pivotal studies of a multilayer bead extended-release methylphenidate (MPH-MLR) treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children.

Methods: Study 1 evaluated the time course of response to MPH-MLR (n = 26) patients in an analog classroom setting through four phases: screening (≤28 days), open label (OL) dose optimization (4 weeks), double-blind (DB) crossover (2 weeks; placebo vs. optimized dose), and follow-up call.

Barriers to health service access among female migrant Ugandan sex workers in Guangzhou, China.

Background: Increased trade between China and Uganda has fueled trafficking of female Ugandans into China. These women may face challenges accessing health services. This study focused on examining barriers to health care access among female Ugandan sex workers in China.

The Role of Fear-Related Behaviors in the 2013-2016 West Africa Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak.

The 2013-2016 West Africa Ebola virus disease pandemic was the largest, longest, deadliest, and most geographically expansive outbreak in the 40-year interval since Ebola was first identified. Fear-related behaviors played an important role in shaping the outbreak. Fear-related behaviors are defined as "individual or collective behaviors and actions initiated in response to fear reactions that are triggered by a perceived threat or actual exposure to a potentially traumatizing event.

Deriving ICD-10 Codes for Patient Safety Indicators for Large-scale Surveillance Using Administrative Hospital Data.

Background: Existing administrative data patient safety indicators (PSIs) have been limited by uncertainty around the timing of onset of included diagnoses.

Objective: We undertook de novo PSI development through a data-driven approach that drew upon "diagnosis timing" information available in some countries' administrative hospital data.

Research Design: Administrative database analysis and modified Delphi rating process.

Work-Related Depression in Primary Care Teams in Brazil.

Objectives: To identify work-related factors associated with depressive symptoms and probable major depression in primary care teams.

Methods: Cross-sectional study among primary care teams (community health workers, nursing assistants, nurses, and physicians) in the city of São Paulo, Brazil (2011-2012; n = 2940), to assess depressive symptoms and probable major depression and their associations with job strain and other work-related conditions.

Results: Community health workers presented higher prevalence of probable major depression (18%) than other primary care workers.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder and the Structure of Common Mental Disorders.

Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) shows high rates of comorbidity with mood, anxiety, substance use, and other personality disorders. Previous bivariate comorbidity investigations have left NPD multivariate comorbidity patterns poorly understood. Structural psychopathology research suggests that two transdiagnostic factors, internalizing (with distress and fear subfactors) and externalizing, account for comorbidity among common mental disorders.

Impact of Prior Treatment on Remission of Late-Life Depression with Venlafaxine and Subsequent Aripiprazole or Placebo Augmentation.

Objective: Treatment history can inform clinical decisions about subsequent treatment choices. The authors examined the impact of prior antidepressant treatment on treatment outcomes with venlafaxine only and then with augmentation with aripiprazole or placebo in depressed older adults.

Methods: The authors analyzed outcome data from a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of aripiprazole augmentation in depressed older adults.

ADHD and executive functioning deficits in OCD youths who hoard.

Hoarding is common among youth with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), with up to 26% of OCD youth exhibiting hoarding symptoms. Recent evidence from adult hoarding and OCD cohorts suggests that hoarding symptoms are associated with executive functioning deficits similar to those observed in subjects with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, while hoarding behavior often onsets during childhood, there is little information about executive function deficits and ADHD in affected children and adolescents.

Ethical and Psychosocial Considerations in Informing HIV-Exposed Uninfected Children That They Were Exposed to HIV and Antiretroviral Medications In Utero.

We build on what is known about the potential long-term health effects of perinatal antiretroviral medication exposure to examine ethical and psychosocial issues associated with disclosure by applying lessons from other health conditions, theories of child and adolescent development and rights, and the relevant literature and legal contexts. We present 2 cases to highlight potential issues; apply a bioethical framework that includes principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice; and explore other factors, including the current uncertainty about these exposures' possible long-term health risks. This ethical framework can help clinicians and researchers consider and balance relevant concerns in deciding whether to inform offspring of HIV and related exposures.

Clinically Anxious Individuals Show Disrupted Feedback between Inferior Frontal Gyrus and Prefrontal-Limbic Control Circuit.

Unlabelled: Clinical anxiety is associated with generalization of conditioned fear, in which innocuous stimuli elicit alarm. Using Pavlovian fear conditioning (electric shock), we quantify generalization as the degree to which subjects' neurobiological responses track perceptual similarity gradients to a conditioned stimulus. Previous studies show that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) inversely and ventral tegmental area directly track the gradient of perceptual similarity to the conditioned stimulus in healthy individuals, whereas clinically anxious individuals fail to discriminate.

Birth Cohorts Analysis of Adolescent Cigarette Smoking and Subsequent Marijuana and Cocaine Use.

Objectives: To examine whether the drug behavior of adults from different birth cohorts is shaped by adolescent drug experiences and whether adult prevalence of marijuana and cocaine use depends on adolescent cigarette or alcohol use prevalence.

Methods: We analyzed 18 birth cohorts comprising 8th, 10th, and 12th graders, sampled from 1991 to 2008, from Monitoring the Future, an annual nationally representative cross-sectional survey of high school students in the United States (n = 864 443).

Results: Within cohorts, lifetime rates of 8th and 10th grade cigarette use were significantly associated with subsequent lifetime rates of marijuana and cocaine use, controlling for trends in use and social norms toward drug use.

Extended-Release Naltrexone to Prevent Opioid Relapse in Criminal Justice Offenders.

Background: Extended-release naltrexone, a sustained-release monthly injectable formulation of the full mu-opioid receptor antagonist, is effective for the prevention of relapse to opioid dependence. Data supporting its effectiveness in U.S.