Interspike intervals within retinal spike bursts combinatorially encode multiple stimulus features.

Neurons in various regions of the brain generate spike bursts. While the number of spikes within a burst has been shown to carry information, information coding by interspike intervals (ISIs) is less well understood. In particular, a burst with k spikes has k-1 intraburst ISIs, and these k-1 ISIs could theoretically encode k-1 independent values.

Multivariate Time Series Decomposition into Oscillation Components.

Many time series are considered to be a superposition of several oscillation components. We have proposed a method for decomposing univariate time series into oscillation components and estimating their phases (Matsuda & Komaki, 2017 ). In this study, we extend that method to multivariate time series.

Time Series Decomposition into Oscillation Components and Phase Estimation.

Many time series are naturally considered as a superposition of several oscillation components. For example, electroencephalogram (EEG) time series include oscillation components such as alpha, beta, and gamma. We propose a method for decomposing time series into such oscillation components using state-space models.

Synchronous Spike Patterns in Macaque Motor Cortex during an Instructed-Delay Reach-to-Grasp Task.

Unlabelled: The computational role of spike time synchronization at millisecond precision among neurons in the cerebral cortex is hotly debated. Studies performed on data of limited size provided experimental evidence that low-order correlations occur in relation to behavior. Advances in electrophysiological technology to record from hundreds of neurons simultaneously provide the opportunity to observe coordinated spiking activity of larger populations of cells.

Icam5 Expression Exhibits Sex Differences in the Neonatal Pituitary and Is Regulated by Estradiol and Bisphenol A.

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals are prevalent in the environment and can impair reproductive success by affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The developing pituitary gland is sensitive to exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, such as bisphenol A (BPA), and sex-specific effects can occur. However, effects on the critical window of neonatal pituitary gland development in mice have not been explored.

The cell- and tissue-specific transcription mechanism of the TATA-less syntaxin 1A gene.

Syntaxin 1A (Stx1a) plays an important role in regulation of neuronal synaptic function. To clarify the mechanism of basic transcriptional regulation and neuron-specific transcription of Stx1a we cloned the Stx1a gene from rat, in which knowledge of the expression profile was accumulated, and elucidated that Stx1a consisting of 10 exons, possesses multiple transcription initiation sites and a 204-bp core promoter region (CPR) essential for transcription in PC12 cells. The TATA-less, conserved, GC-rich CPR has 2 specific protein (SP) sites that bind SP1 and are responsible for 65% of promoter activity.

Markov-random-field modeling for linear seismic tomography.

We apply the Markov-random-field model to linear seismic tomography and propose a method to estimate the hyperparameters for the smoothness and the magnitude of the noise. Optimal hyperparameters can be determined analytically by minimizing the free energy function, which is defined by marginalizing the evaluation function. In synthetic inversion tests under various settings, the assumed velocity structures are successfully reconstructed, which shows the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.

What hinders child semantic computation: children's universal quantification and the development of cognitive control.

Recent studies on the acquisition of semantics have argued that knowledge of the universal quantifier is adult-like throughout development. However, there are domains where children still exhibit non-adult-like universal quantification, and arguments for the early mastery of relevant semantic knowledge do not explain what causes such non-adult-like interpretations. The present study investigates Japanese four- and five-year-old children's atypical universal quantification in light of the development of cognitive control.

Mismatched decoding in the brain.

"How is information decoded in the brain?" is one of the most difficult and important questions in neuroscience. We have developed a general framework for investigating to what extent the decoding process in the brain can be simplified. First, we hierarchically constructed simplified probabilistic models of neural responses that ignore more than Kth-order correlations using the maximum entropy principle.

Interspike interval statistics of a leaky integrate-and-fire neuron driven by Gaussian noise with large correlation times.

We analytically investigate the interspike interval (ISI) density, the Fano factor, and the coefficient of variation of a leaky integrate-and-fire neuron model driven by exponentially correlated Gaussian noise with a large correlation time tau . We find a burstinglike behavior of the spike train, which is revealed by a dominant peak of the ISI density at small intraburst intervals and a slow power-law decay of long interburst intervals. The large, power-law distributed ISIs give rise to a coefficient of variation which diverges as square root [tau] .

Analysis of sparse representation and blind source separation.

In this letter, we analyze a two-stage cluster-then-l(1)-optimization approach for sparse representation of a data matrix, which is also a promising approach for blind source separation (BSS) in which fewer sensors than sources are present. First, sparse representation (factorization) of a data matrix is discussed. For a given overcomplete basis matrix, the corresponding sparse solution (coefficient matrix) with minimum l(1) norm is unique with probability one, which can be obtained using a standard linear programming algorithm.