Altered Neural Processing of Interoception in Patients With Functional Neurological Disorder: A Task-Based fMRI Study.

Objective: Research suggests that disrupted interoception contributes to the development and maintenance of functional neurological disorder (FND); however, no functional neuroimaging studies have examined the processing of interoceptive signals in patients with FND.

Methods: The authors examined univariate and multivariate functional MRI neural responses of 38 patients with mixed FND and 38 healthy control individuals (HCs) during a task exploring goal-directed attention to cardiac interoception-versus-control (exteroception or rest) conditions. The relationships between interoception-related neural responses, heartbeat-counting accuracy, and interoceptive trait prediction error (ITPE) were also investigated for FND patients.

Unconscious Activation of Negative Emotional Memories Increases Pain Unpleasantness.

Objective: The influence of unconscious emotional processes on pain remains poorly understood. The present study tested whether cues to forgotten unpleasant images might amplify pain (i.e.

Adolescent Brain Development: Implications for Understanding Risk and Resilience Processes Through Neuroimaging Research.

This special section focuses on research that utilizes neuroimaging methods to examine the impact of social relationships and socioemotional development on adolescent brain function. Studies include novel neuroimaging methods that further our understanding of adolescent brain development. This special section has a particular focus on how study findings add to our understanding of risk and resilience.

Reduced Neural Recruitment for Bayesian Adjustment of Inhibitory Control in Methamphetamine Dependence.

Delineating the processes that contribute to the progression and maintenance of substance dependence is critical to understanding and preventing addiction. Several previous studies have shown inhibitory control deficits in individuals with stimulant use disorder. We used a Bayesian computational approach to examine potential neural deficiencies in the dynamic predictive processing underlying inhibitory function among recently abstinent methamphetamine-dependent individuals (MDIs), a population at high risk of relapse.

How the Probability and Potential Clinical Significance of Pharmacokinetically Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions Are Assessed in Drug Development: Desvenlafaxine as an Example.

Objective: The avoidance of adverse drug-drug interactions (DDIs) is a high priority in terms of both the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the individual prescriber. With this perspective in mind, this article illustrates the process for assessing the risk of a drug (example here being desvenlafaxine) causing or being the victim of DDIs, in accordance with FDA guidance.

Data Sources/study Selection: DDI studies for the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor desvenlafaxine conducted by the sponsor and published since 2009 are used as examples of the systematic way that the FDA requires drug developers to assess whether their new drug is either capable of causing clinically meaningful DDIs or being the victim of such DDIs.

Common and disorder-specific neural responses to emotional faces in generalised anxiety, social anxiety and panic disorders.

Background: Although evidence exists for abnormal brain function across various anxiety disorders, direct comparison of neural function across diagnoses is needed to elicit abnormalities common across disorders and those distinct to a particular diagnosis.

Aims: To delineate common and distinct abnormalities within generalised anxiety (GAD), panic and social anxiety disorder (SAD) during affective processing.

Method: Fifty-nine adults (15 with GAD, 15 with panic disorder, 14 with SAD, and 15 healthy controls) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while completing a facial emotion matching task with fearful, angry and happy faces.

Neural substrates of classically conditioned fear-generalization in humans: a parametric fMRI study.

Recent research on classical fear-conditioning in the anxiety disorders has identified overgeneralization of conditioned fear as an important conditioning correlate of anxiety pathology. Unfortunately, only one human neuroimaging study of classically conditioned fear generalization has been conducted, and the neural substrates of this clinically germane process remain largely unknown. The current generalization study employs a clinically validated generalization gradient paradigm, modified for the fMRI environment, to identify neural substrates of classically conditioned generalization that may function aberrantly in clinical anxiety.