mTORC2 (Rictor) in Alzheimer's Disease and Reversal of Amyloid-β Expression-Induced Insulin Resistance and Toxicity in Rat Primary Cortical Neurons.

Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a nutrient sensor and central controller of cell growth and proliferation, is altered in various models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Even less studied or understood in AD is mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) that influences cellular metabolism, in part through the regulations of Akt/PKB and SGK. Dysregulation of insulin/PI3K/Akt signaling is another important feature of AD pathogenesis.

Three Dimensional Human Neuro-Spheroid Model of Alzheimer's Disease Based on Differentiated Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.

The testing of candidate drugs to slow progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) requires clinical trials that are lengthy and expensive. Efforts to model the biochemical milieu of the AD brain may be greatly facilitated by combining two cutting edge technologies to generate three-dimensional (3D) human neuro-spheroid from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) derived from AD subjects. We created iPSC from blood cells of five AD patients and differentiated them into 3D human neuronal culture.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cell-converted induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from an early onset Alzheimer's patient.

Improvement in transduction efficiency makes it possible to convert blood cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). In this study, we generated an iPSC line from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) donated by a patient who exhibited memory deficit at age 59; outcome of positron emission tomography scan is consistent with a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Integration-free CytoTune-iPS Sendai Reprogramming factors which include Sendai virus particles of the four Yamanaka factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc were introduced to PBMC to convert them to iPSCs without retention of virus.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from frontotemporal dementia patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were donated by a patient with clinically diagnosed frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were developed using integration-free CytoTune-iPS Sendai Reprogramming factors which include Sendai virus particles of the four Yamanaka factors Oct, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc.

Embedding advance directives in routine care for persons with serious mental illness: implementation challenges.

For people with serious mental illness, research demonstrates the potential positive effects of having an advance directive with specific instructions for mental health care. The Commonwealth of Virginia has undertaken efforts to incorporate the completion of psychiatric advance directives into routine mental health services for individuals with serious mental illness. The inherent complexities of advance directives-a single legal tool for use by a heterogeneous array of consumers, providers, and organizations-have led to more barriers than had been anticipated.

Advance directives for mental health care: innovation in law, policy, and practice.

Virginia appears to be the first state to commit itself to statewide implementation of psychiatric advance directives, and its experience may be highly instructive for other states. The project began with consensus building among stakeholders (2007-2009), followed by revisions to Virginia's Health Care Decisions Act (2009-2010) and designation of five of the state's 40 Community Services Boards as demonstration sites for facilitation efforts. Early implementation efforts quickly showed that psychiatric advance directives are not self-executing innovations.