Molecular testing in urinary cytology specimens: Current status and future directions.

Bladder cancer is a common type of urological cancer with high recurrence and mortality rates. Currently, it is diagnosed and monitored using minimal invasive cystoscopies and biopsies. Urinary cytology, the most widely accepted noninvasive and more economic urinary diagnosis method, aims to detect high grade urothelial carcinoma with a high specificity but low sensitivity, especially for detecting low-grade tumors.

Primary adenocarcinoma of the urinary tract and its precursors: Diagnostic criteria and classification.

Primary adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder is a rare malignancy, comprising up to 2% of bladder cancers, predominantly in males. Its rarity and similarity to urothelial carcinoma and secondary adenocarcinomas pose diagnostic challenges. A comprehensive literature review was conducted on the diagnosis, classification, morphological and immunophenotypic characteristics, and molecular profiles of primary adenocarcinoma, urachal adenocarcinoma, and precursor lesions.

Heterogeneity in Cancer.

Cancer heterogeneity is a major challenge in oncology, complicating diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment. The clinical heterogeneity of cancer, which leads to differential treatment outcomes between patients with histopathologically similar cancers, is attributable to molecular diversity manifesting through genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomic, microenvironmental, and host biology differences. Heterogeneity is observed between patients, individual metastases, and within individual lesions.

New Emerging Therapies Targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR/PTEN Pathway in Hormonal Receptor-Positive and HER2-Negative Breast Cancer-Current State and Molecular Pathology Perspective.

In hormone receptor-positive and HER2-negative breast cancers, a growing number of revolutionary personalized therapies are in clinical use or trials, such as CDK4/6 inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and PIK3CA inhibitors. Those treatment options are largely driven by the presence or absence of genomic alterations in the tumor. Therefore, molecular profiling is often performed during disease progression.

Inflammation impacts androgen receptor signaling in basal prostate stem cells through interleukin 1 receptor antagonist.

Chronic prostate inflammation in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) correlates with the severity of symptoms. How inflammation contributes to prostate enlargement and/or BPH symptoms and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we utilize a unique transgenic mouse model that mimics chronic non-bacterial prostatitis in men and investigate the impact of inflammation on androgen receptor (AR) in basal prostate stem cells (bPSC) and their differentiation in vivo.