PROSPERO: An International Register of Systematic Review Protocols.

PROSPERO is an international database of systematic review protocols produced by the University of York's Center for Research and Dissemination and funded by the National Institute for Health Research. It contains protocols of systematic reviews on health and social care, welfare, public health, education, crime, justice, and health-related international development. PROSPERO compiles a comprehensive listing of systematic review protocols in an attempt to avoid duplication of effort, reduce reporting bias, and promote transparency.

Increased Autophagy and Apoptosis in the Kidneys of Intrauterine Growth Restricted Rats.

Background: IUGR has been associated with nephron loss and chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Materials And Methods: We examined autophagy and apoptosis markers in the kidneys of IUGR Sprague Dawley rats induced by maternal low protein diet (LP), comparing them to controls. The autophagy marker LC3B, the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, and the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 were determined by quantitative immunoblotting.

An evaluation of the clinical application of the DSM-5 for the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder.

The changes to the diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) were met with much controversy by researchers, clinicians, and families of individuals with ASD. The goal of this paper is to review the literature on the impact of these changes. Areas covered: This paper reviews the major changes to diagnostic criteria from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5.

Renal Tubular Mitochondrial Abnormalities in Complex II/III Respiratory Chain Deficiency.

Defects in the respiratory chain may present with a wide spectrum of clinical signs and symptoms. In this "Images in Pathology" discussion we correlate the clinical, histologic, and ultrastructural findings in a 12-year-old male with a complex II/III respiratory chain deficiency and kidney dysfunction.

Fatal Scopulariopsis brumptii in a Pediatric Immunocompromised Host.

Scopulariopsis species cause a broad range of disease, from superficial skin infections to often fatal disseminated disease in the immunocompromised that is refractory to standard antifungal treatment. This report describes the first case of fatal disseminated Scopulariopsis brumptii in a pediatric patient with hyper-IgM syndrome status post bone marrow transplant.

Diglycolic acid, the toxic metabolite of diethylene glycol, chelates calcium and produces renal mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro.

Context: Diethylene glycol (DEG) has caused many cases of acute kidney injury and deaths worldwide. Diglycolic acid (DGA) is the metabolite responsible for the renal toxicity, but its toxic mechanism remains unclear.

Objective: To characterize the mitochondrial dysfunction produced from DGA by examining several mitochondrial processes potentially contributing to renal cell toxicity.

Optimizing the Role of Physical Education in Promoting Physical Activity: A Social-Ecological Approach.

The benefits associated with being physically active are well documented, but a significant proportion of the population is insufficiently active. Physical inactivity is a major health risk factor in our society, and physical education programs are consistently identified as a means to address this concern. The purpose of this article is to use the social-ecological model as a framework to examine ways in which physical education programs can play an important role in promoting physical activity.

A Comparative Meta-Analysis of Tick Paralysis in the United States and Australia.

Context: Tick paralysis is a neurotoxic envenoming that mimics polio and primarily afflicts children, especially in hyperendemic regions of the Western United States of America (US) and Eastern Australia.

Objective: To compare the epidemiology, clinical and electrodiagnostic manifestations, and outcomes of tick paralysis in the US versus Australia.

Methods: A comparative meta-analysis of the scientific literature was conducted using Internet search engines to identify confirmed cases of tick paralysis in the US and Australia.

Factors Contributing to Mental and Physical Health Care in a Disaster-Prone Environment.

Environment as a contextual factor plays an important role in southeastern Louisiana, as this area represents a major economic hub for the United States port, petroleum, and fishing industries. The location also exposes the population to both natural and technological disasters, including Hurricane Katrina and the Gulf oil spill. This study explored associations among hurricane loss, oil spill disruption, and environmental quality of life on mental and physical health on over 1,000 residents (N = 1,225) using structural equation modeling techniques.

Instant Oatmeal Increases Satiety and Reduces Energy Intake Compared to a Ready-to-Eat Oat-Based Breakfast Cereal: A Randomized Crossover Trial.

Background: Foods that enhance satiety can help consumers to resist environmental cues to eat and help adherence to calorie restriction. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of 2 oat-based breakfast cereals on appetite, satiety, and food intake.

Methods: Forty-eight healthy individuals, 18 years of age or older, were enrolled in a randomized, crossover trial.

LMX, Breach Perceptions, Work-Family Conflict, and Well-Being: A Mediational Model.

Despite research advances, work-family scholars still lack an understanding of how leadership constructs relate to an employee's ability to effectively manage the work-family interface. In addition, there remains a need to examine the process through which leadership and work-family conflict influence well-being outcomes. Using a sample of 312 workers, a mediated process model grounded in social exchange theory is tested wherein the authors seek to explain how leaders shape employee perceptions, which, in turn, impact organizational fulfillment of expectations (i.

Knowledge of memory aging across the lifespan.

The authors examined knowledge of normal and pathological memory aging in a lifespan sample of 198 individuals who ranged in age from 13 to 88 years. Participants completed the Knowledge of Memory Aging Questionnaire (Cherry, Brigman, Hawley, & Reese, 2003). The authors hypothesized that high school students would be less knowledgeable about memory aging issues than college students, middle-aged, and community-dwelling older adults.

Acute effect of oatmeal on subjective measures of appetite and satiety compared to a ready-to-eat breakfast cereal: a randomized crossover trial.

Objective: The physicochemical properties of soluble oat fiber (β-glucan) affect viscosity-dependent mechanisms that influence satiety. The objective of this study was to compare the satiety impact of oatmeal with the most widely sold ready-to-eat breakfast cereal (RTEC) when either was consumed as a breakfast meal.

Methods: Forty-eight healthy individuals ≥18 years of age were enrolled in a randomized crossover trial.

Faculty Evaluations by Medicine Residents Using Known versus Anonymous Systems.

Purpose: This study examined the extent to which faculty evaluation results differed, based on whether residents were required to submit ratings anonymously or not.

Method: We used a retrospective analysis of existing records representing Internal Medicine residents' evaluation of 51 faculty members in an anonymous and known (non-anonymous) rater system on an inpatient medicine service.

Results: Mean scores for 48 of 51 individuals were lower for anonymous than non-anonymous evaluations.

Development and Evaluation of a Nutrition and Physical Activity Counseling Module for First-Year Medical Students.

Introduction: Few Americans follow recommendations regarding nutrition or physical activity, and few physicians provide nutritional counseling (NC) or physical activity counseling (PAC) to patients. Clinical, systems-based, and institutional barriers to teaching and providing NC and PAC exist, but theoretical models of behavior change and principles of adult learning theory (ALT) can enable medical educators to overcome these barriers.

Methods: We developed an educational intervention consisting of interactive lectures and two standardized patient experiences to provide first-year medical students with practical experience in PAC and NC.

Learned Helplessness in the Rat: An Elusive Phenomenon.

A series of three experiments, using 48 albino rats as Ss, manipulated the intensity and duration of inescapable treatment shock. Subsequent testing on the acquisition of an FR-3 lever-press response to terminate test shock showed no interference effects whether test shock was the same, less intense, or more intense than treatment shock.

Obstructive airways disease clinical clues to diagnosis and management.

Although the pulmonary obstruction caused by asthma is reversible, that caused by emphysema and chronic bronchitis is not, so that early diagnosis of these progressive conditions is essential to successful therapy. Cigarette smoking is a major cause of obstructive airways disease; demonstrating the presence of early disease and persuading the patient to give up smoking may greatly improve the prognosis.