Congenital diaphragmatic hernia with intrathoracic kidney: case report, review of the literature, and strategy for treatment in neonates and infants.

Background: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a rare developmental defect in the diaphragm, occurring in 2 in 10,000 births. Herniation of intraperitoneal organs through the diaphragmatic opening is always present, however few cases mention the herniation of retroperitoneal organs, such as a kidney. Due to the rarity of this condition, the optimal treatment strategy remains unclear.

Policy for transitioning childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency from pediatric to adult endocrine care in Belgium.

Growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD) in children and adolescents can vary in severity and origin, with GH replacement therapy proving effective in achieving genetic target height. Optimal outcomes are seen in those treated early and with higher doses. As patients approach adult height, priorities shift towards optimizing metabolic effects, maintaining body composition, and enhancing bone mass and muscle strength.

Imerslund-Gräsbeck syndrome: a comprehensive review of reported cases.

Imerslund-Gräsbeck syndrome (IGS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by vitamin B12 malabsorption. Most patients present with non-specific symptoms attributed to vitamin B12 deficiency, and proteinuria. Patients may if untreated, develop severe neurocognitive manifestations.

Evaluation of late cardiac effects after multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.

Introduction: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is associated with important cardiovascular morbidity during the acute phase. Follow-up shows a swift recovery of cardiac abnormalities in most patients. However, a small portion of patients has persistent cardiac sequelae at mid-term.

Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8.

Transgender healthcare is a rapidly evolving interdisciplinary field. In the last decade, there has been an unprecedented increase in the number and visibility of transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people seeking support and gender-affirming medical treatment in parallel with a significant rise in the scientific literature in this area. The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) is an international, multidisciplinary, professional association whose mission is to promote evidence-based care, education, research, public policy, and respect in transgender health.

Belgian Consensus Recommendations to Prevent Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding in the Term and Preterm Infant.

Neonatal vitamin K prophylaxis is essential to prevent vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) with a clear benefit compared to placebo. Various routes (intramuscular (IM), oral, intravenous (IV)) and dosing regimens were explored. A literature review was conducted to compare vitamin K regimens on VKDB incidence.

Thrombocytopenia in severe iron deficiency anemia in children.

Aim: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is common in the pediatric population and often accompanied by mild thrombocytosis, but rarely profound thrombocytopenia is seen. We describe the data of children with IDA and thrombocytopenia in two centers and discuss the published data in the literature.

Methods: In this retrospective case series, the medical records of patients under the age of 19 years old diagnosed with IDA in two tertiary medical centers over the last 10 years, were reviewed.

Unusual presentation of a five-month-old boy with NaPi2a homozygous mutation without hyperphosphaturia: Case report and review of the literature.

Deletions of the gene and mutations in the gene should be considered in patients with atypical presentation, without phosphaturia, with mild hypo to normal phosphatemia, and nephrocalcinosis.

Bronchiolitis in COVID-19 times: a nearly absent disease?

Stay-at-home orders, physical distancing, face masks and other non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) do not only impact COVID-19, but also the dynamics of various other infectious diseases. Bronchiolitis is a clinically diagnosed viral infection of the lower respiratory tract, and causes a yearly seasonal wave of admissions in paediatric wards worldwide. We counted 92,5% less bronchiolitis hospitalisations in Antwerp before the expected end of the peak this year (of which only 1 RSV positive), as compared to the last 3 years.

Gender incongruence and gender dysphoria in childhood and adolescence-current insights in diagnostics, management, and follow-up.

Gender incongruence (GI) is defined as a condition in which the gender identity of a person does not align with the gender assigned at birth. Awareness and more social acceptance have paved the way for early medical intervention about two decades ago and are now part of good clinical practice although much robust data is lacking. Medical and mental treatment in adolescents with GI is complex and is recommended to take place within a team of mental health professionals, psychiatrists, endocrinologists, and other healthcare providers.

Klinefelter syndrome and germ cell tumors: review of the literature.

Objective: The most common presentation of Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is infertility and features of hypogonadism. Currently no consensus exists on the risk of malignancy in this syndrome. Several case reports show an incidence of extragonadal germ cells tumors (eGCT) of 1.

Ontogeny and Cross-species Comparison of Pathways Involved in Drug Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion in Neonates (Review): Kidney.

The kidneys play an important role in many processes, including urine formation, water conservation, acid-base equilibrium, and elimination of waste. The anatomic and functional development of the kidney has different maturation time points in humans versus animals, with critical differences between species in maturation before and after birth. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs vary depending on age and maturation, which will lead to differences in toxicity and efficacy.

Cerebral vasculitis associated with an Echovirus 6 meningoencephalitis-Case report and review of the literature.

When a previously healthy child presents to the hospital with a stroke, generally a Varicella zoster virus vasculopathy seems most likely. However, other causes of a local cerebral vasculitis are possible and need to be explored.

Endocrinology of Transgender Medicine.

Gender-affirming treatment of transgender people requires a multidisciplinary approach in which endocrinologists play a crucial role. The aim of this paper is to review recent data on hormonal treatment of this population and its effect on physical, psychological, and mental health. The Endocrine Society guidelines for transgender women include estrogens in combination with androgen-lowering medications.

Yolk sac tumor in the abdominal wall of an 18-month-old girl: a case report.

Background: Pediatric germ cell tumors account for approximately 3.5 % of all childhood cancers for children under the age of 15 years. Up to one-third are extragonadal neoplasms.

Thrombolysis for Severe Intestinal Ischemia due to Midgut Volvulus in a Neonate.

Intestinal malrotation complicated by the development of midgut volvulus presents a difficult management dilemma because of the risk of short bowel syndrome. Here, we present our experience with a case of severe intestinal ischemia after derotation in a newborn successfully managed using systemic tissue plasminogen activator. The present report supports the usefulness of thrombolysis as a therapeutic option for reperfusion of ischemic small bowel due to midgut volvulus in neonates.

Vascular Complications of Varicella: Description of 4 Cases and a Review of Literature.

Stroke and deep venous thrombosis are rare complications of varicella zoster infection. We report 3 cases of children with a stroke and 1 case of a boy with a deep venous thrombosis after recent chicken pox.