Epstein - Barr virus epidemiology in HIV infected transsexuals.

Objective: To molecularly characterise the relationship between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genotypes and Pashtun ethnicity.

Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2018 to December 2019 after approval from the Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan, and comprised blood samples from transgender sex workers who were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus-1 and seronegative for human immunodeficiency virus residing in two cities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and Islamabad, the federal capital. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE).

Haemorrhoidal Artery Ligation Operation Without Doppler Guidance.

Background: A range of surgical options from banding to open haemorrhoidectomy are available for the treatment of haemorrhoids. Haemorrhoidal artery ligation operation (HALO) with or without Doppler guidance is a newer option with claims of having better efficacy. We aimed to study the efficacy of HALO without Doppler guidance in terms of presence of postoperative complications including pain, bleeding, prolapse and overall patient satisfaction.

Epidemic of Kala Pathar(Paraphenylene Diamine) Poisoning: an Emerging Threat in Southern Punjab.

Objective: To assess cases of the spectrum of Kala Patharpoisoning in all age groups.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

Place And Duration Of Study: Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Bahawalpur and Bahawal Victoria Hospital (BVH), Bahawalpur, from January 2016 to April 2017.

Adverse Effects of Caffeine on Development of Femur of BALB/c Mice and Protective Role of Vitamin D3.

Objective: To determine the effects of caffeine ingestion on the development of femur and role of vitamin D3 in preventing these effects in BALB/c mice.

Study Design: Experimental study.

Place And Duration Of Study: Department of Anatomy, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, in cooperation with NIH (National Institute of Health), Islamabad, from October 2014 to October 2015.

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury In Total Versus Subtotal Thyroidectomy.

Background: Both Total and Subtotal Thyroidectomy are correct treatment options for symptomatic Euthyroid Multinodular Goitre. The choice depends upon surgeon's preference due to consideration of disadvantages like permanent hypothyroidism in Total Thyroidectomy and high chances of recurrence in Subtotal Thyroidectomy. Many surgeons believe that there is a higher incidence of Recurrent Laryngeal nerve injury in Total Thyroidectomy which affects their choice of surgery.

Strategies to manage hepatitis C virus infection disease burden - volume 3.

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemic was forecasted through 2030 for 15 countries in Europe, the Middle East and Asia, and the relative impact of two scenarios was considered: increased treatment efficacy while holding the annual number of treated patients constant and increased treatment efficacy and an increased annual number of treated patients. Increasing levels of diagnosis and treatment, in combination with improved treatment efficacy, were critical for achieving substantial reductions in disease burden. A 90% reduction in total HCV infections within 15 years is feasible in most countries studied, but it required a coordinated effort to introduce harm reduction programmes to reduce new infections, screening to identify those already infected and treatment with high cure rate therapies.

The present and future disease burden of hepatitis C virus infections with today's treatment paradigm - volume 3.

The total number, morbidity and mortality attributed to viraemic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections change over time making it difficult to compare reported estimates from different years. Models were developed for 15 countries to quantify and characterize the viraemic population and forecast the changes in the infected population and the corresponding disease burden from 2014 to 2030. With the exception of Iceland, Iran, Latvia and Pakistan, the total number of viraemic HCV infections is expected to decline from 2014 to 2030, but the associated morbidity and mortality are expected to increase in all countries except for Japan and South Korea.

Historical epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in select countries - volume 3.

Detailed, country-specific epidemiological data are needed to characterize the burden of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection around the world. With new treatment options available, policy makers and public health officials must reconsider national strategies for infection control. In this study of 15 countries, published and unpublished data on HCV prevalence, viraemia, genotype, age and gender distribution, liver transplants and diagnosis and treatment rates were gathered from the literature and validated by expert consensus in each country.

Histological changes induced by tamoxifen versus tamoxifen plus 13-cis-retinoic acid on rabbit uterine glands.

Objective: To study the effects of tamoxifen versus tamoxifen plus 13-cis-retinoic acid on the histology of uterine glands in rabbits.

Methods: The experimental, randomised, controlled trial was conducted at the Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, from March 2009 to June 2009 and comprised rabbits acquired from the National Institute of Health, Islamabad. The animals were randomly divided into three equal groups: group A had controls, group B was treated with tamoxifen, and group C with tamoxifen plus retinoic acid.