Children's executive functioning and health behaviors across pediatric life stages and ecological contexts.

Executive functioning (EF) has been linked to chronic disease risk in children. Health behaviors are thought to partially explain this association. The current cross-sectional study evaluated specific domains of EF and varied health behaviors in three pediatric life stages.

Disparities in infertility workup costs across the United States.

Objective: To investigate cost disparities of infertility diagnostic tests across the United States.

Design: Cross-sectional study analyzing costs for recommended infertility diagnostic tests, including hormone tests (follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, and progesterone), semen analysis, transvaginal ultrasound, and hysterosalpingogram. Data were sourced from consumer cost claims repositories for five most populous cities per state, categorized into four regions (Midwest, South, West, and Northeast) as per US Census Bureau classifications.

Invasive group B streptococcal infections in Western Australia, 2000-2018.

Background: Neonatal and puerperal sepsis are major manifestations of invasive group B streptococcal (Streptococcus agalactiae; iGBS) infections. International data indicate the importance of iGBS infections among non-pregnant adults.

Aims: To describe the burden of iGBS infections in Western Australia (WA) between 2000 and 2018 in terms of incidence, length of hospitalisation and all-cause 30- and 90-day mortality.

One-quarter of freshwater fauna threatened with extinction.

Freshwater ecosystems are highly biodiverse and important for livelihoods and economic development, but are under substantial stress. To date, comprehensive global assessments of extinction risk have not included any speciose groups primarily living in freshwaters. Consequently, data from predominantly terrestrial tetrapods are used to guide environmental policy and conservation prioritization, whereas recent proposals for target setting in freshwaters use abiotic factors.

Does the Relationship Between Preoperative Function and Achievement of Clinically Important Benchmarks of Success After Total Shoulder Arthroplasty Depend on Outcome Assessment Design?

Background: A variety of clinically important benchmarks of success (CIBS) have been defined for total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) to quantify success. However, it is unclear how the preoperative status of the patient influences their likelihood of achieving each CIBS.

Questions/purposes: (1) What proportion of patients achieve commonly used CIBS after TSA? (2) Is there a relationship between a patients' preoperative function and their probability of achieving different CIBS? (3) Does there exist preoperative ranges for each outcome measure that are associated with greater achievement of CIBS?

Methods: We retrospectively queried a multicenter shoulder arthroplasty database for primary anatomic TSA (aTSA) and reverse TSA (rTSA).

Complete Heart Block in a Patient Declining Pacemaker Implantation: A Discussion on Patient-Centered Care and Shared Decision-Making.

Permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation is the standard of care in patients with complete heart block (CHB) and second-degree type II atrioventricular (AV) block irrespective of patient symptoms when the conduction abnormality is irreversible. CHB generally constitutes a medical emergency that can be fatal if not urgently treated. This is in contrast to first-degree AV block and second-degree type I AV block, which require PPM implantation only in very special circumstances.

Automated craniofacial biometry with 3D T2w fetal MRI.

Objectives: Evaluating craniofacial phenotype-genotype correlations prenatally is increasingly important; however, it is subjective and challenging with 3D ultrasound. We developed an automated label propagation pipeline using 3D motion- corrected, slice-to-volume reconstructed (SVR) fetal MRI for craniofacial measurements.

Methods: A literature review and expert consensus identified 31 craniofacial biometrics for fetal MRI.

'Do they care?': a qualitative examination of patient perspectives on primary care clinician communication related to opioids in the USA.

Objectives: This substudy's objectives were to (1) examine the transferability of a four archetype framework (simplified pattern of prototypical features) for patients at high risk for opioid use disorder (OUD) developed from a previous study with a similar population; (2) explore how patient preferences for terminology can inform clinician communication strategies for patients with OUD across archetypes and (3) explore how patient perceptions of opioid risks can inform clinician communication strategies across patient archetypes.

Design: This qualitative study collected data via semistructured phone interviews with patients about views on opioid-related discussions with primary care clinicians. Qualitative data were coded using the Rigorous and Accelerated Data Reduction technique and analysed via iterative inductive/deductive thematic analysis.

Epithelial outgrowth through mesenchymal rings drives alveologenesis.

Determining how alveoli are formed and maintained is critical to understanding lung organogenesis and regeneration after injury. To study the cellular dynamics of this critical stage of lung development, we have used scanned oblique-plane illumination microscopy of living lung slices to observe alveologenesis in real time at high resolution over several days. Contrary to the prevailing notion that alveologenesis occurs by airspace subdivision via ingrowing septa, we find that alveoli form by ballooning epithelial outgrowth supported by contracting mesenchymal ring structures.

Complexities, Benefits, Risks, and Clinical Implications of Sodium Bicarbonate Administration in Critically Ill Patients: A State-of-the-Art Review.

Sodium bicarbonate has been used in the treatment of different pathologies, such as hyperkalemia, cardiac arrest, tricyclic antidepressant toxicity, aspirin toxicity, acute acidosis, lactic acidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, rhabdomyolysis, and adrenergic receptors' resistance to catecholamine in patients with shock. An ongoing debate about bicarbonate's efficacy and potential harm has been raised for decades because of the lack of evidence supporting its potential efficacy. Despite the guidelines' restrictions, sodium bicarbonate has been overused in clinical practice.

Co-occurring Psychopathology in Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Differences by Sex in the ECHO Cohorts.

Purpose: Our goals were to: 1) examine the occurrence of behavioral and emotional symptoms in children on the autism spectrum in a large national sample, stratifying by sex, and 2) evaluate whether children with increased autism-related social communication deficits also experience more behavioral and emotional problems.

Methods:  Participants (n = 7,998) were from 37 cohorts from the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program. Cross-sectional information on demographic factors, parent-report of an ASD diagnosis by clinician, Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) scores, and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) scores were obtained for children aged 2.

Electron temperature measurement from neutral atomic tungsten emission line ratio.

A method to determine electron temperature within a plasma by the spectral analysis of atomic tungsten emission has been explored. The technique was applied to a post-discharge region immediately following a high voltage nanosecond pulsed discharge in air with tungsten electrodes. Atomic tungsten lines are readily observed in the weak emission spectrum within the post-discharge region for many microseconds.

Inflammatory Pathways of Sulfonamide Diuretics: Insights into SLC12A Cl Symporters and Additional Targets.

Thiazide, thiazide-like, and loop diuretics are primarily known for inhibiting members of the SLC12A family of Cl transporters, which include the Na+Cl cotransporter (NCC), NaK2Cl cotransporters (NKCC1 and NKCC2) and KCl symporters (KCC1-4). While the main pharmacological effect of these diuretics is diuresis, achieved by promoting the excretion of excess water and salt through the kidneys, they have intriguing pharmacological effects beyond their traditional ones which cannot be solely attributed to their effects on renal salt transport. Of particular interest is their role in modulating inflammatory processes.

The impact of body mass index on surgical complications in minimally invasive hysterectomy for uterine fibroids.

Research Question: We aimed to assess the impact of Body Mass Index (BMI) on 30-day postoperative complications in patients undergoing minimally invasive hysterectomy (MIH) for fibroids.

Design: Using data from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database (2012-2020), we analyzed major and minor 30-day postoperative complications, stratified by BMI, in patients with uterine fibroids who underwent MIH. Complications were stratified according to the Clavien-Dindo classification.

Reversal of neuronal tau pathology via adiponectin receptor activation.

Changes in brain mitochondrial metabolism are coincident with functional decline; however, direct links between the two have not been established. Here, we show that mitochondrial targeting via the adiponectin receptor activator AdipoRon (AR) clears neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and rescues neuronal tauopathy-associated defects. AR reduced levels of phospho-tau and lowered NFT burden by a mechanism involving the energy-sensing kinase AMPK and the growth-sensing kinase GSK3b.

Spontaneous base flipping helps drive Nsp15's preferences in double stranded RNA substrates.

Coronaviruses evade detection by the host immune system with the help of the endoribonuclease Nsp15, which regulates levels of viral double stranded RNA by cleaving 3' of uridine (U). While prior structural data shows that to cleave double stranded RNA, Nsp15's target U must be flipped out of the helix, it is not yet understood whether Nsp15 initiates flipping or captures spontaneously flipped bases. We address this gap by designing fluorinated double stranded RNA substrates that allow us to directly relate a U's sequence context to both its tendency to spontaneously flip and its susceptibility to cleavage by Nsp15.

Surface induced crystallization/amorphization of phase change materials.

Surface-induced crystallization/amorphization of a Germanium-antimony-tellurium nanolayer is investigated using the phase field model. A Ginzburg-Landau (GL) equation introduces an external surface layer (ESL) within which the surface energy and elastic properties are adequately distributed. Next, the coupled GL and elasticity equations for the crystallization/ amorphization are solved.

Search for Fractionally Charged Particles with CUORE.

The Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE) is a detector array comprised by 988 5  cm×5  cm×5  cm TeO_{2} crystals held below 20 mK, primarily searching for neutrinoless double-beta decay in ^{130}Te. Unprecedented in size among cryogenic calorimetric experiments, CUORE provides a promising setting for the study of exotic throughgoing particles. Using the first tonne year of CUORE's exposure, we perform a search for hypothesized fractionally charged particles (FCPs), which are well-motivated by various standard model extensions and would have suppressed interactions with matter.

Categorizing Stigma as a Barrier to Support Following Nonfatal Overdose: A Qualitative Study.

Objectives: Stigma is known to be a major barrier to treatment for people who use drugs (PWUD). This study uses the Stigma and Health Discrimination Framework to analyze how different forms of stigma shape experiences in the wake of an overdose incident, and perceptions of the efficacy and utility of postoverdose interventions among a sample of PWUD in Dayton, Ohio-a location with a high overdose rate.

Methods: Interviews were conducted with 23 individuals who self-reported past-month illicit opioid, crack/cocaine, or methamphetamine use who had experienced or witnessed a drug overdose in the past 6 months.

Integrating Pharmacogenomics into the Broader Construct of Genomic Medicine: Efforts by the ClinGen Pharmacogenomics Working Group (PGxWG).

Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is focused on the relationship between an individual's genetic makeup and their response to medications, with the overarching aim of guiding prescribing decisions to improve drug efficacy and reduce adverse events. The PGx and genomic medicine communities have worked independently for over 2 decades, developing separate standards and terminology, making implementation of PGx across all areas of genomic medicine difficult. To address this issue, the Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen) Pharmacogenomics Working Group (PGxWG) was established by the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded ClinGen to initially create frameworks for evaluating gene-drug response clinical validity and actionability aligned with the ClinGen frameworks for evaluating monogenic gene-disease relationships, and a framework for classifying germline PGx variants similar to the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) and Association of Molecular Pathology (AMP) system for interpretation of disease-causing variants.

Functional large-conductance calcium and voltage-gated potassium channels in extracellular vesicles act as gatekeepers of structural and functional integrity.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are associated with intercellular communications, immune responses, viral pathogenicity, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, and cancer progression. EVs deliver proteins, metabolites, and nucleic acids into recipient cells to effectively alter their physiological and biological response. During their transportation from the donor to the recipient cell EVs face differential ionic concentrations, which can be detrimental to their integrity and impact their cargo content.

A 7-year-old with new-onset seizures, behavior disturbance, and encephalitis.

Refractory seizures are common in pediatric neurology; consideration of whether seizures are acutely symptomatic of an underlying disease process is critical. In this case, a previously healthy 7-year-old patient presented with intractable focal seizures in the setting of a viral prodrome and headache. This case highlights a comprehensive work up of new-onset refractory seizures in a patient with features of encephalitis and describes a diagnostic quandary that ultimately led to a rare unifying diagnosis.

Trends in Antepartum, Delivery, and Postpartum Venous Thromboembolism.

Objective: To assess trends in risk for obstetric venous thromboembolism (VTE).

Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from the 2008-2019 Merative MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters and Medicaid Multi-State databases. Women aged 15-54 years with a delivery hospitalization and health care enrollment from 1 year before pregnancy to 60 days after delivery were identified.