The evolving role of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in ischemic heart disease - state of the art review.

Purpose Of Review: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is the gold standard for directly assessing cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and has a relatively new and evolving role in evaluating atherosclerotic heart disease, particularly in detecting cardiac dysfunction caused by ischemic heart disease. The purpose of this review is to assess the current literature on the link between cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, cardiac dysfunction and CRF assessed by CPET.

Recent Findings: We summarize the basics of exercise physiology and the key determinants of CRF.

Empagliflozin improves cardiorespiratory fitness in type 2 diabetes: translational implications.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been shown to prevent heart failure and reduce cardiovascular death in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Whether or not SGLT2 inhibitors improve indices of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), an independent predictor of mortality in patients with CVD, remains unknown. We evaluated the effects of empagliflozin on indices of CRF in patients with T2DM.

Improvements in Key Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Variables Following Cardiac Rehabilitation in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease.

Purpose: Improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness ((Equation is included in full-text article.)O2peak) post-cardiac rehabilitation (post-CR) are used to gauge therapeutic efficacy. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of supervised CR on other cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) variables, specifically those that reflect ventilatory efficiency and (Equation is included in full-text article.

A practical clinical approach to utilize cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the evaluation and management of coronary artery disease: a primer for cardiologists.

Purpose Of Review: There is growing clinical interest for the use of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) to evaluate patients with or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). With mounting evidence, this concise review with relevant teaching cases helps to illustrate how to integrate CPET data into real world patient care.

Recent Findings: CPET provides a novel and purely physiological basis to identify cardiac dysfunction in symptomatic patients with both obstructive-CAD and nonobstructive-CAD (NO-CAD).

Abnormal heart-rate response during cardiopulmonary exercise testing identifies cardiac dysfunction in symptomatic patients with non-obstructive coronary artery disease.

Background: Symptomatic non-obstructive coronary artery disease is a growing clinical dilemma for which contemporary testing is proving to be of limited clinical utility. New methods are needed to identify cardiac dysfunction.

Methods And Results: This is a prospective observational cohort study conducted from December 2013 to August 2015 in two outpatient cardiology clinics (symptomatic cohort) and 24 outpatient practices throughout the US (healthy cohort) with centralized methodology and monitoring to compare heart-rate responses during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET).