Characteristics and management of eosinophilic esophagitis in Australasian children: a decade of experience.

Background: The frequency of EoE has been increasing in Northern Hemisphere cohorts, yet there is a scarcity of data in our region. Regional climatic factors, and lifestyle habits may influence the presentation of EoE, and appropriate management is crucial to prevent complications. WIth this is mind we undertook the first comprehensive multisite study of EoE in Australasian children.

Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair of Common Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation in the Setting of a Lateral Tunnel Fontan Circulation.

•Percutaneous repair of severely regurgitant atrioventricular valves in the setting of a Fontan circulation utilizing Tri-Clip, even in the setting of an atrioventricular septal defect, is feasible.•Percutaneous options hold promise as a low-risk repair strategy in this highly complex population, which generally has a high surgical risk.

Defining childhood hypertension: is it too complicated? An evaluation of the potential impact of different approaches in an Australian paediatric population.

Objectives: Current American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and European Society of Hypertension (ESH) thresholds defining hypertension in children use blood pressure (BP) normalised to age, sex and height. However, scare data exists regarding the relative importance of these variables to accurately model the 95th quantile of BP. We hypothesised that height alone may fit the population data equally well compared to more complex definitions.

Universal CAR 2.0 to overcome current limitations in CAR therapy.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has effectively complemented the treatment of advanced relapsed and refractory hematological cancers. The remarkable achievements of CD19- and BCMA-CAR T therapies have raised high expectations within the fields of hematology and oncology. These groundbreaking successes are propelling a collective aspiration to extend the reach of CAR therapies beyond B-lineage malignancies.

Anticoagulant Medications: The Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Anticoagulation CollaborativE Consensus Conference.

Objectives: To derive systematic-review informed, modified Delphi consensus regarding the medications used for anticoagulation for pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for the Pediatric ECMO Anticoagulation CollaborativE (PEACE).

Data Sources: A structured literature search was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library (CENTRAL) databases from January 1988 to May 2021.

Study Selection: Included studies assessed anticoagulation used in pediatric ECMO.

Do they stay, or do they go? Children presenting to five emergency departments across New South Wales, Australia with acute burn injuries: a retrospective review.

Objective: The overall objective of the study was to describe the disposition status of children presenting with a burn injury to five emergency departments (ED) across New South Wales (NSW), Australia.

Design: A retrospective study design was used to review routinely collected ED data.

Setting: Study sites included five acute hospitals across NSW, Australia.

Varying Doses of Epicutaneous Immunotherapy With Viaskin Milk vs Placebo in Children With Cow's Milk Allergy: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: No approved treatment exists for allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated cow's milk allergy (CMA), a common childhood food allergy.

Objective: To assess dose, efficacy, and safety of epicutaneous immunotherapy with Viaskin milk in children with IgE-mediated CMA.

Design, Setting, And Participants: A phase 1/2, 2-part, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-ranging clinical trial in children aged 2 to 17 years with IgE-mediated CMA was conducted between November 2014 through December 2017.

Spiced RCT: Success and Pain Associated with Intravenous Cannulation in the Emergency Department Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Peripheral venous cannulation is one of the most common procedures in medicine. A larger cannula allows higher rates of fluid to be provided if needed in a deteriorating patient; however, it is also perceived that larger-gauge cannula placement is associated with increased pain and procedural difficulty.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the pain and procedural difficulty experienced during insertion between 18-gauge (18G) and 20-gauge (20G) cannulas.

Gabapentin for Pain in Pediatric Palliative Care.

Objective: Gabapentin is commonly used to treat pain in children receiving pediatric palliative care. This study describes the real-world use of gabapentin and the associated benefits and adverse effects/events (AEs).

Methods: A prospective, multicenter cohort of standardized data collection after a clinical decision was made to use gabapentin for managing neuropathic or nociplastic pain in children attended on by a pediatric palliative care service.

Sex and Gender Disparities in Living Kidney Donation: A Scoping Review.

Background: Women are more likely than men to be living kidney donors. We summarized the evidence concerning the reasons behind sex and gender disparities in living kidney donation (LKD).

Methods: A scoping review of quantitative and qualitative evidence on reasons for sex and gender disparities in LKD was conducted from inception to March 2023.

Patterns of suboptimal antipsychotic use and misuse in Australia: What can routinely collected data tell us?

Aims: There are increasing concerns about harms related to suboptimal antipsychotic use. Here we describe recent population-based trends in antipsychotic use and harms in Australia and identify population groups exhibiting patterns of use likely to contribute to these harms.

Methods: Using population-based data from the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (2015-2020), poisoning calls to the New South Wales (NSW) Poisons Information Centre (2015-2020) and poisoning deaths in all coronial records (2005-2018) in Australia, we measured trends in the prevalence of antipsychotic use and related deaths and poisonings.

The tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance: a comparison study between EOS and MRI in the paediatric population.

Objective: This study aims to compare the relative reliability and accuracy of TT-TG measurements in EOS with that of MRI in a paediatric population.

Methods: Patients were included if they underwent both an MRI and EOS scans and were under the age of 16. Two authors recorded the TT-TG distances on each modality at two separate time points.

Adaptive Clinical Trials in Pediatric Critical Care: A Systematic Review.

Objectives: This systematic review investigates the use of adaptive designs in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in pediatric critical care.

Data Sources: PICU RCTs, published between 1986 and 2020, stored in the www.PICUtrials.

Phase 3 Trial of Epicutaneous Immunotherapy in Toddlers with Peanut Allergy.

Background: No approved treatment for peanut allergy exists for children younger than 4 years of age, and the efficacy and safety of epicutaneous immunotherapy with a peanut patch in toddlers with peanut allergy are unknown.

Methods: We conducted this phase 3, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving children 1 to 3 years of age with peanut allergy confirmed by a double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge. Patients who had an eliciting dose (the dose necessary to elicit an allergic reaction) of 300 mg or less of peanut protein were assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive epicutaneous immunotherapy delivered by means of a peanut patch (intervention group) or to receive placebo administered daily for 12 months.

Trends in Childhood Oncology Admissions to ICUs in Australia and New Zealand.

Objectives: There are few robust, national-level reports of contemporary trends in pediatric oncology admissions, resource use, and mortality. We aimed to describe national-level data on trends in intensive care admissions, interventions, and survival for children with cancer.

Design: Cohort study using a binational pediatric intensive care registry.

BRAF-mediated brain tumors in adults and children: A review and the Australian and New Zealand experience.

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway signaling pathway is one of the most commonly mutated pathways in human cancers. In particular, BRAF alterations result in constitutive activation of the rapidly accelerating fibrosarcoma-extracellular signal-regulated kinase-MAPK significant pathway, leading to cellular proliferation, survival, and dedifferentiation. The role of BRAF mutations in oncogenesis and tumorigenesis has spurred the development of targeted agents, which have been successful in treating many adult cancers.

Injection of a Bone Substitute in the Treatment of Unicameral Bone Cysts.

Background: Simple bone cysts are benign bony lesions. Treatment strategies are varied for this particular pathology. It remains controversial as to what the ideal treatment strategy is.

Adapter CAR T Cell Therapy for the Treatment of B-Lineage Lymphomas.

CD19CAR T cells facilitate a transformational treatment in various relapsed and refractory aggressive B-lineage cancers. In general, encouraging response rates have been observed in B-lineage-derived non-Hodgkin's lymphomas treated with CD19CAR T cells. The major cause of death in heavily pretreated NHL patients is lymphoma progression and lymphoma recurrence.

Transplant Outcomes From Deceased Donors Dying With Burns Injury, a Systematic Review.

Aim: The ever-expanding organ supply and demand gap necessitates alternate sources of organ donors. Initially thought to be a contraindication, organ procurement from nonsurvivable burns patients is possibly an additional organ donor source. We aimed to conduct a systematic review investigating the prevalence and outcomes of the use of burn victims as a source of organ donation for transplantation.

Yolk sac tumours of the orbit and sinonasal tract.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to report two cases of paediatric Yolk sac tumours (YST) of the orbit and sinonasal tract, with a major review on the subject.

Methods: Two case reports along with a comprehensive retrospective literature review of all English language publications between 1974 and 2021 is presented. Literature review examined the demographics, clinical presentation and diagnostic and prognostic factors of extragonadal YSTs of the orbit and sinonasal tract.

To Stop or Not to Stop? Approaches to Randomized Discontinuation Trials.

In health care, it is often clear when to start a treatment but not as obvious when to stop it. This uncertainty has particular relevance, for example, in the context of polypharmacy or management of a chronic disease. Both situations usually carry side effects resulting from pharmacointeractions or continued long-term use of medication, and they also impose a financial burden on patients and health care systems.

Expression of ethical principles in Australia's disaster plans.

Objective: This qualitative study explores whether Australian mass casualty and disaster plans explicitly acknowledge or implicitly draw upon ethical principles.

Methods: Federal, state and territory governmental websites were searched to identify mass casualty incident and/or disaster plans. The authors examined the documents to identify whether ethical principles were overtly stated or implied, and what those values or principles were.