Swift Intrahepatic Accumulation of Granulocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in a Humanized Mouse Model of Toxic Shock Syndrome.

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and other superantigen-mediated illnesses are associated with 'systemic' immunosuppression that jeopardizes the host's ability to fight pathogens. Here, we define a novel mechanism of 'local' immunosuppression that may benefit the host. Systemic exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) rapidly and selectively recruited CD11b(+)Gr-1(high)Ly-6C(+) granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to the liver of HLA-DR4 transgenic mice.

Targeted siRNA silencing of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase in antigen-presenting cells using mannose-conjugated liposomes: a novel strategy for treatment of melanoma.

Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) expression in dendritic cells (DCs) leads to the inhibition of T-cell activation, induction of T-cell apoptosis, and promotion of T-cell differentiation into regulatory T cells. All of these could promote tumor escapement of the host's immune surveillance system. We hypothesized that DC-targeted gene silencing of IDO would enhance antitumor immunity and thus restrain tumor growth.