Longitudinal study of peer victimization, social support, and mental health during early adolescence.

Background: Peer victimization predicts the development of mental health symptoms in the transition to adolescence, but it is unclear whether and how parents and school environments can buffer this link.

Methods: We analyzed two-year longitudinal data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, involving a diverse sample of 11 844 children across the United States (average at baseline = 9.91 years; standard deviation = 0.

Addressing clozapine under-prescribing and barriers to initiation: a psychiatrist, advanced practice provider, and trainee survey.

Clozapine use has declined, despite its superior antipsychotic efficacy in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Implications for clozapine underutilization include suboptimal treatment outcomes and increased hospitalizations. Many barriers preventing the use of clozapine have been described in the literature, including suboptimal knowledge and poor perceptions.

Orofacial Clefts May Be a Window Into Identifying Common Psychopathology Development.

The research supporting a connection between physical and psychiatric illness continues to grow and advance. For example, there is continued work to identify whether this is due to connected brain pathology or to psychosocial stressors that inherently come with having another illness. Congenital illnesses may represent a window into our better understanding this connection, as the defect during embryogenesis that leads to the illness is sometimes known.

Clinical Predictors of Extrapyramidal Symptoms Associated With Aripiprazole Augmentation for the Treatment of Late-Life Depression in a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: Augmentation with aripiprazole is an effective pharmacotherapy for treatment-resistant late-life depression (LLD). However, aripiprazole can cause extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) such as akathisia and parkinsonism; these symptoms are distressing and can contribute to treatment discontinuation. We investigated the clinical trajectories and predictors of akathisia and parkinsonism in older patients receiving aripiprazole augmentation for treatment-resistant LLD.

[Musical Experience and Brain Plasticity: does musical training change brain structure and function?].

Musical performance is a highly complicated task, requiring precise regulation and organization of sensorimotor system under high order cognitive functions of the human brain. The recent development of non-invasive measurements of brain structure and function, such as magnetic resonance imaging, in addition to conventional assessments, such as electrophysiology, and behavioral or cognitive tasks allows us to study short- and long-term brain plasticity associated with musical training. This article focuses on cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of musicians and indivisuals participating in music classes, reviews findings in terms of plastic and meta-plastic changes in the human brain induced by musical training over short and long period of time, and describes studies revealing transfer learning effects of musical training.

Reduced GABAergic cortical inhibition in aging and depression.

The neurobiology underlying depression in older adults is less extensively evaluated than in younger adults, despite the putative influence of aging on depression neuropathology. Studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a neurophysiological tool capable of probing inhibitory and excitatory cortical neurotransmission, have identified dysfunctional GABAergic inhibitory activity in younger adults with depression. However, GABAergic and glutamatergic cortical neurotransmission have not yet been studied in late-life depression (LLD).

Association of Hippocampal Substructure Resting-State Functional Connectivity with Memory Performance in Older Adults.

Objectives: Hippocampal hyperactivation marks preclinical dementia pathophysiology, potentially due to differences in the connectivity of specific medial temporal lobe structures. Our aims were to characterize the resting-state functional connectivity of medial temporal lobe sub-structures in older adults, and evaluate whether specific substructural (rather than global) functional connectivity relates to memory function.

Methods: In 15 adults (mean age: 69 years), we evaluated the resting state functional connectivity of medial temporal lobe substructures: dentate/Cornu Ammonis (CA) 4, CA1, CA2/3, subiculum, the molecular layer, entorhinal cortex, and parahippocampus.

Rest-activity rhythm and sleep characteristics associated with depression symptom severity in strained dementia caregivers.

Depression is associated with disturbances to sleep and the 24-h sleep-wake pattern (known as the rest-activity rhythm: RAR). However, there remains a need to identify the specific sleep/RAR correlates of depression symptom severity in population subgroups, such as strained dementia caregivers, who are at elevated risk for major depressive disorder. We assessed the cross-sectional associations of sleep/RARs with non-sleep depression symptom severity among 57 (mean age: 74 years, standard deviation: 7.

Brain Structural Markers and Caregiving Characteristics as Interacting Correlates of Caregiving Strain.

Objective: To evaluate the association between brain structural markers and caregiving strain among older informal caregivers.

Design: A secondary data analysis combining data from the Caregiver Health Effects Study (1993-1994) and the Cardiovascular Health Study MRI examination (1992-1994).

Setting: Four United States communities.

Gray matter regions statistically mediating the cross-sectional association of eotaxin and set-shifting among older adults with major depressive disorder.

Objective: Eotaxin is a chemokine that exerts negative effects on neurogenesis. We recently showed that peripheral eotaxin levels correlate with both lower gray matter volume and poorer executive performance in older adults with major depressive disorder. These findings suggest that the relationship between eotaxin and set-shifting may be accounted for by lower gray matter volume in specific regions.

Combining moderators to identify clinical profiles of patients who will, and will not, benefit from aripiprazole augmentation for treatment resistant late-life major depressive disorder.

Personalizing treatment for late-life depression requires identifying and integrating information from multiple factors that influence treatment efficacy (moderators). We performed exploratory moderator analyses using data from a multi-site, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of aripiprazole augmentation. Patients (n = 159) aged ≥60 years had major depressive disorder that failed to remit with venlafaxine monotherapy.

Brain structural connectivity in late-life major depressive disorder.

Disrupted brain connectivity might explain both the pathogenesis and consequences of late-life major depressive disorder (LLD). However, it remains difficult to ascertain whether and how specific circuits are affected. We reviewed literature regarding brain connectivity in LLD, and we specifically focused on the role of structural pathology.

Immunological biomarkers associated with brain structure and executive function in late-life depression: exploratory pilot study.

Objective: Several immunological biomarkers are altered in late-life major depressive disorder (LLD). Immunological alterations could contribute to LLD's consequences, but little is known about the relations between specific immunological biomarkers and brain health in LLD. We performed an exploratory pilot study to identify, from several candidates, the specific immunological biomarkers related to important aspects of brain health that are altered in LLD (brain structure and executive function).

Predictors and Moderators of Remission With Aripiprazole Augmentation in Treatment-Resistant Late-Life Depression: An Analysis of the IRL-GRey Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Safe, efficacious, second-line pharmacological treatment options exist for the large portion of older adults with major depressive disorder who do not respond to first-line pharmacotherapy. However, limited evidence exists to aid clinical decision making regarding which patients will benefit from which second-line treatments.

Objective: To test the moderating role of pretreatment executive function, severity of anxiety, and severity of medical comorbidity in remission of treatment-resistant late-life depression after aripiprazole augmentation.

Latent activity rhythm disturbance sub-groups and longitudinal change in depression symptoms among older men.

Activity rhythm disturbances and depression often co-occur among older adults. However, little is known about how activity rhythm disturbances themselves co-occur, or how disturbances to multiple aspects of the activity rhythm relate to depression over time. In this study, we performed a Latent Class Analysis to derive sub-groups of older men [total n = 2933, mean age = 76.

Antidepressant Response Trajectories and Associated Clinical Prognostic Factors Among Older Adults.

Importance: More than 50% of older adults with late-life major depressive disorder fail to respond to initial treatment with first-line pharmacological therapy.

Objectives: To assess typical patterns of response to an open-label trial of extended-release venlafaxine hydrochloride (venlafaxine XR) for late-life depression and to evaluate which clinical factors are associated with the identified longitudinal response patterns.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Group-based trajectory modeling was applied to data from a 12-week open-label pharmacological trial conducted in specialty care as part of the Incomplete Response in Late Life: Getting to Remission Study.