[Risk assessment indexes for shellfish poisoning outbreak caused by red tide].

Objective: To establish the indexes and weights of risk assessment of shellfish poisoning outbreak caused by red tide.

Methods: The risk assessment indexes were developed with the methods of literature review, brainstorm and expert consultation, and the weights of indexes were calculated by the method of analytic hierarchy process. The established indexes contained the risk possibility, impacts of public health, population vulnerability and resilience.

Author Correction: The evolutionary history of vertebrate RNA viruses.

Change history: In this Article, author Li Liu should be associated with affiliation number 5 (College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China), rather than affiliation number 4 (Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China). This has been corrected online.

The evolutionary history of vertebrate RNA viruses.

Our understanding of the diversity and evolution of vertebrate RNA viruses is largely limited to those found in mammalian and avian hosts and associated with overt disease. Here, using a large-scale meta-transcriptomic approach, we discover 214 vertebrate-associated viruses in reptiles, amphibians, lungfish, ray-finned fish, cartilaginous fish and jawless fish. The newly discovered viruses appear in every family or genus of RNA virus associated with vertebrate infection, including those containing human pathogens such as influenza virus, the Arenaviridae and Filoviridae families, and have branching orders that broadly reflected the phylogenetic history of their hosts.

Extensive diversity and evolution of hepadnaviruses in bats in China.

To better understand the evolution of hepadnaviruses, we sampled bats from Guizhou, Henan and Zhejiang provinces, China, and rodents from Zhejiang province. Genetically diverse hepadnaviruses were identified in a broad range of bat species, with an overall prevalence of 13.3%.

Quantitative Prevalence, Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics of Bacillus cereus Isolated from Retail Infant Foods in China.

Bacillus cereus is an important foodborne pathogen, which can cause severe food poisoning. The aim of this study was (i) to evaluate the quantitative prevalence of B. cereus in retail prepackaged infant formula and ready-to-eat rice flour in China and (ii) to gain the basic information on pheno- and genotypic characteristics of B.

Discovery of a Highly Divergent Coronavirus in the Asian House Shrew from China Illuminates the Origin of the Alphacoronaviruses.

Although shrews are one of the largest groups of mammals, little is known about their role in the evolution and transmission of viral pathogens, including coronaviruses (CoVs). We captured 266 Asian house shrews () in Jiangxi and Zhejiang Provinces, China, during 2013 to 2015. CoV RNA was detected in 24 Asian house shrews, with an overall prevalence of 9.

Extensive diversity of coronaviruses in bats from China.

To help reveal the diversity and evolution of bat coronaviruses we collected 1067 bats from 21 species in China. A total of 73 coronaviruses (32 alphacoronaviruses and 41 betacoronaviruses) were identified in these bats, with an overall prevalence of 6.84%.

Genetic Analysis of Neisseria meningitidis Sequence Type 7 Serogroup X Originating from Serogroup A.

causes meningococcal disease, often resulting in fulminant meningitis, sepsis, and death. Vaccination programs have been developed to prevent infection of this pathogen, but serogroup replacement is a problem. Capsular switching has been an important survival mechanism for , allowing the organism to evolve in the present vaccine era.

Marsdeniae tenacissimae extract (MTE) suppresses cell proliferation by attenuating VEGF/VEGFR2 interactions and promotes apoptosis through regulating PKC pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

Marsdeniae tenacissimae extract (MTE), commonly known as Xiao-Ai-Ping in China, is a traditional Chinese herb medicine capable of inhibiting proliferation and metastasis and boosting apoptosis in various cancer cells. However, little is known about the contribution of MTE towards tumor angiogenesis and the underlying mechanism. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of MTE on the proliferation and apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the molecular mechanism.

High Prevalence and Genetic Polymorphisms of Legionella in Natural and Man-Made Aquatic Environments in Wenzhou, China.

Natural and engineered water systems are the main sources of Legionnaires' disease. It is essential from a public health perspective to survey water environments for the existence of . To analyze the main serogroups, genotypes and pathogenicity of the pathogen, a stratified sampling method was adopted to collect water samples randomly from shower water, cooling tower water, and local public hot springs in Wenzhou, China.

Diversity, evolution and population dynamics of avian influenza viruses circulating in the live poultry markets in China.

Live poultry markets (LPMs) are an important source of novel avian influenza viruses (AIV). During 2015-2016 we surveyed AIV diversity in ten LPMs in Hubei, Zhejiang and Jiangxi provinces, China. A high diversity and prevalence of AIVs (totaling 12 subtypes) was observed in LPMs in these provinces.

Extensive genetic diversity of Rickettsiales bacteria in multiple mosquito species.

Rickettsiales are important zoonotic pathogens, causing severe disease in humans globally. Although mosquitoes are an important vector for diverse pathogens, with the exception of members of the genus Wolbachia little is known about their role in the transmission of Rickettsiales. Herein, Rickettsiales were identified by PCR in five species of mosquitoes (Anopheles sinensis, Armigeres subalbatus, Aedes albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus and Cu.

Redefining the invertebrate RNA virosphere.

Current knowledge of RNA virus biodiversity is both biased and fragmentary, reflecting a focus on culturable or disease-causing agents. Here we profile the transcriptomes of over 220 invertebrate species sampled across nine animal phyla and report the discovery of 1,445 RNA viruses, including some that are sufficiently divergent to comprise new families. The identified viruses fill major gaps in the RNA virus phylogeny and reveal an evolutionary history that is characterized by both host switching and co-divergence.

Epidemiological Features of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease during the Period of 2008-14 in Wenzhou, China.

This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) during 2008-14 in Wenzhou, China. The epidemiological data of HFMD retrieved from the Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention were retrospectively analyzed. HFMD infections with enterovirus 71 (EV71), Cox A16 or other pathogens were further verified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR.

1α,25(OH)₂D₃ Suppresses the Migration of Ovarian Cancer SKOV-3 Cells through the Inhibition of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition.

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy due to its high metastatic ability. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential during both follicular rupture and epithelium regeneration. However, it may also accelerate the progression of ovarian carcinomas.

[Epidemiological analysis of malaria situation in Wenzhou City in 2015].

Objective: To analyze the characteristics of malaria prevalence in Wenzhou City, so as to provide the evidence for improving the comprehensive control of malaria.

Methods: The epidemiological data of malaria cases in Wenzhou City in 2015 were collected and analyzed with the descriptive epidemiological methods.

Results: Totally 24 imported malaria cases were reported in Wenzhou City in 2015 with the incidence of 0.

Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2016.

In 2016, the order Mononegavirales was emended through the addition of two new families (Mymonaviridae and Sunviridae), the elevation of the paramyxoviral subfamily Pneumovirinae to family status (Pneumoviridae), the addition of five free-floating genera (Anphevirus, Arlivirus, Chengtivirus, Crustavirus, and Wastrivirus), and several other changes at the genus and species levels. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).

Vitamin D postpones the progression of epithelial ovarian cancer induced by 7, 12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene both in vitro and in vivo.

Purpose: Ovarian cancer is the most lethal malignancy of the female reproductive system, and the prevention and treatment of ovarian carcinoma are still far from optimal. Epidemiological studies reported that ovarian cancer risk was inversely associated with low level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)]. Therefore, this study focuses on exploring the chemoprevention of vitamin D on epithelial ovarian cancer induced by 7, 12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene (DMBA).

Identification of novel and diverse rotaviruses in rodents and insectivores, and evidence of cross-species transmission into humans.

Rotaviruses are an important cause of severe diarrheal illness in children globally. We characterized rotaviruses sampled in humans, insectivores (shrews) and rodents from urban and rural regions of Zhejiang province, China. Phylogenetic analyses revealed seven genotypic constellations of human rotaviruses with six different combinations of G and P genotypes - G3P[8] (50.

[Semi-quantitative risk assessment on local transmission of Dengue fever caused by introduced cases].

Objective: To assess the risk of local transmission of Dengue caused by introduced cases with semi-quantitative method in 2015 in Zhejiang Province.

Methods: Risk indexes of local transmission of Dengue caused by introduced cases were reviewed. The weights of indexes were computed by analytic hierarchy process and further used to generate absolute risk values by multiplying indexes.

Diversity and evolution of avian influenza viruses in live poultry markets, free-range poultry and wild wetland birds in China.

The wide circulation of novel avian influenza viruses (AIVs) highlights the risk of pandemic influenza emergence in China. To investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of AIVs in different ecological contexts, we surveyed AIVs in live poultry markets (LPMs), free-range poultry and the wetland habitats of wild birds in Zhejiang and Hubei provinces. Notably, LPMs contained the highest frequency of AIV infection, and the greatest number of subtypes (n = 9) and subtype co-infections (n = 14), as well as frequent reassortment, suggesting that they play an active role in fuelling AIV transmission.

Multiple viral introductions: molecular characterization of influenza B virus in Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China, from 2011 to 2014 based on hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes.

Influenza B virus is a major causative agent of respiratory disease in humans. Our study of an outbreak of influenza B virus in Wenzhou from 2011 to 2014 revealed that 163 (5.58 %) of 2921 samples were influenza B positive.

Risk factors of neonatal tetanus in Wenzhou, China: a case-control study.

Introduction: Neonatal tetanus is a major cause of neonatal mortality in many developing countries and remains a major public health problem. This study aimed to determine risk factors associated with neonatal tetanus in Wenzhou, China.

Methodology: Medical records of neonatal tetanus cases from 17 hospitals over a 13-year period (2000-2012) were reviewed for potential risk factors.

High prevalence of HIV among men who have sex with men in Zhejiang, China: a respondent-driven sampling survey.

Objectives: To examine the prevalence of HIV and risk behaviours among men who have sex with men (MSM) and to explore the feasibility of using respondent-driven sampling in this population in order to conduct customised interventions among MSM in the future.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Setting: Zhejiang, China.