Exploring indigenous perspectives on tobacco tax: how some Māori families are responding in Aotearoa New Zealand.

Objective: High smoking prevalence rates, combined with a steep tax on tobacco and lower household income, mean that 5% of Māori (indigenous) whānau (family unit) expenditure in New Zealand is on tobacco. This paper outlines whānau perceptions of, and behavioural responses to, increasing tobacco tax.

Methods: This qualitative study was informed by the Kaupapa Māori theory and used a simplified interpretive phenomenological analysis thematic hybrid methodology.

Prognostic significance of morphological patterns of Gleason grade 5 prostatic adenocarcinoma diagnosed on needle biopsy.

Grading is one of the best prognostic indicators of prostate cancer with Gleason grade 5 having the worst outcome. The prognostic influence of grade 5 patterns remains uncertain. A total of 646 prostate needle biopsy sets with Gleason score (GS) 9-10 prostatic adenocarcinoma were prospectively analysed.

The effectiveness of a 17-week lifestyle intervention on health behaviors among airline pilots during COVID-19.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a 17-week, 3-component lifestyle intervention for enhancing health behaviors during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Methods: A parallel-group (intervention and control) study was conducted amongst 79 airline pilots over a 17-week period during the COVID-19 pandemic. The intervention group (n = 38) received a personalized sleep, dietary, and physical activity (PA) program.

Staging of renal cell carcinoma: current progress and potential advances.

Formal staging classifications for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) were first proposed in 1978 and were incorporated into the Tumour, Nodes, Metastases (TNM) system initially published by the Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (UICC) in 1978. There has been a gradual evolution of grading criteria through six separate editions of the UICC TNM Classification, with the latest edition being published in 2016. Somewhat surprisingly there were no changes to the T category criteria from the 2009 to the 2016 editions of the classification, although an erratum has subsequently been published that incorporated the minor changes included in the eighth edition of the TNM Classification published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer.

Quality of benzathine penicillin G: A multinational cross-sectional study.

Benzathine penicillin G (BPG) is used as first-line treatment for most forms of syphilis and as secondary prophylaxis against rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Perceptions that poor quality of BPG is linked to reported adverse effects and therapeutic failure may impact syphilis and RHD control programs. Clinical networks and web-based advertising were used to obtain vials of BPG from a wide range of countries.

Tumour-like lesions of the urinary bladder.

There are a number of benign epithelial proliferations in the bladder that may be difficult to distinguish from carcinomas, including urothelial carcinoma and its variants, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. If misdiagnosed, there is the potential for over treatment, with its attendant risk of complications, as well as errors relating to prognostic assessment. In the case of the misdiagnosis of high grade proliferative lesions that mimic invasive carcinoma, unnecessary radical surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy may result.

Benign mimics of prostate cancer.

The histopathological diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma is challenged by the existence of numerous benign mimics. Most of these lesions have no clinical significance and many do not need to be reported. Their clinical relevance lies in the risk that they are misinterpreted as cancer.

Histological findings of totally embedded robot assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP) specimens in 1197 men with a negative (low risk) preoperative multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) prostate lobe and clinical implications.

Background: Prostate multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) has become a popular initial investigation of an elevated PSA and is being incorporated into active surveillance protocols. Decisions on prostate cancer investigation and management based solely on a normal mpMRI remains controversial. Histopathological findings of a totally embedded normal mpMRI lobe are rarely described.

Gene of the month: (transmembrane serine protease 2).

Transmembrane serine protease 2 is encoded by the gene. The gene is widely conserved and has two isoforms, both being autocatalytically activated from the inactive zymogen form. A fusion gene between the gene and (erythroblast-specific-related gene), an oncogenic transcription factor, is the most common chromosomal aberration detected in prostate cancer, responsible for driving carcinogenesis.

Xerostomia and polypharmacy among dependent older New Zealanders: a national survey.

Background: Medication-induced xerostomia is common in older people. We investigated medication use and xerostomia in dependent older New Zealanders.

Methods: Medication and xerostomia data analysed from a nationally representative survey of dependent older people.

Granular necrosis: a distinctive form of cell death in malignant tumours.

Foci of necrosis are frequently seen in malignant tumours and may be due to a variety of causes. Different types of necrosis are given various names based upon their morphological features and presumed pathogenesis, such as coagulative, liquefactive and fibrinoid necrosis. Here, we propose the term 'granular necrosis' (GN) for a specific form of tumour necrosis characterised by the presence of well-defined necrotic foci being sharply demarcated from adjacent viable tumour.

Identification of areas of grading difficulties in prostate cancer and comparison with artificial intelligence assisted grading.

The International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) hosts a reference image database supervised by experts with the purpose of establishing an international standard in prostate cancer grading. Here, we aimed to identify areas of grading difficulties and compare the results with those obtained from an artificial intelligence system trained in grading. In a series of 87 needle biopsies of cancers selected to include problematic cases, experts failed to reach a 2/3 consensus in 41.

Histological comparison between predictive value of preoperative 3-T multiparametric MRI and Ga-PSMA PET/CT scan for pathological outcomes at radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection for prostate cancer.

Objective: To evaluate the ability of preoperative multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and a gallium-68 prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computed tomography ( Ga-PSMA PET/CT) scan to predict pathological outcomes and also identify a group of men with a <5% risk of histological pelvic lymph node metastasis (LNM) at pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) performed during a robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP) for prostate cancer. We then aimed to compare these results to known risk calculators for LNM, including the Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment (CAPRA) score, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre (MSKCC) and Briganti nomograms.

Patients And Methods: Between July 2014 and September 2019 only men who had both a preoperative mpMRI and staging Ga-PSMA PET/CT at our institution followed by a RALP with PLND referred to a single specialist uropathology laboratory were considered for inclusion.

Laparoscopic diverticulectomy or laparoscopic-assisted resection of symptomatic Meckel diverticulum in children? A systematic review.

Recent reports have recommended laparoscopic diverticulectomy for symptomatic Meckel diverticulum (MD) rather than laparoscopic-assisted extracorporeal resection. This technique may risk leaving residual ectopic mucosa leading to complications. This systematic review attempts to quantify the relative risks of both approaches.

Clinical validity of self-rated oral health among New Zealand nursing home residents.

Objectives: To investigate the clinical validity of self-rated oral health among older New Zealanders in aged residential care.

Material And Methods: A national survey of oral health in aged residential care was carried out throughout New Zealand. Self-rated oral health was measured using Locker's global item and clinical examinations carried out by calibrated examiners.

New Zealand general practice registrars' views on their academic learning needs during vocational training: online survey.

Most doctors working in New Zealand general practice undertake vocational training through the Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners. We aimed to explore general practice registrar views on their academic learning needs during and following vocational training. An online survey of all current NZ GP trainees in 2019 was completed by 314 registrars (54% response rate).