Integrated Ising Model with global inhibition for decision making.

Humans and other organisms make decisions choosing between different options, with the aim to maximize the reward and minimize the cost. The main theoretical framework for modeling the decision-making process has been based on the highly successful drift-diffusion model, which is a simple tool for explaining many aspects of this process. However, new observations challenge this model.

An Information-Theoretic Proof of a Hypercontractive Inequality.

The famous hypercontractive estimate discovered independently by Gross, Bonami and Beckner has had a great impact on combinatorics and theoretical computer science since it was first used in this setting in a seminal paper by Kahn, Kalai and Linial. The usual proofs of this inequality begin with two-point space, where some elementary calculus is used and then generalised immediately by introducing another dimension using submultiplicativity (Minkowski's integral inequality). In this paper, we prove this inequality using information theory.

Synergy as the Failure of Distributivity.

The concept of emergence, or synergy in its simplest form, is widely used but lacks a rigorous definition. Our work connects information and set theory to uncover the mathematical nature of synergy as the failure of distributivity. For the trivial case of discrete random variables, we explore whether and how it is possible to get more information out of lesser parts.

Computational elucidation of nonverbal behavior and body language in music therapy.

Music therapy has shown efficacy in serious and chronic conditions, mental disorders, and disabilities. However, there is still much to explore regarding the mechanisms through which music interventions exert their effects. A typical session involves interactions between the therapist, the client, and the musical work itself, and to help address the challenges of capturing and comprehending its dynamics, we extend our general computational paradigm (CP) for analyzing the expressive and social behavioral processes in arts therapies.

Features of membrane protein sequence direct post-translational insertion.

The proper folding of multispanning membrane proteins (MPs) hinges on the accurate insertion of their transmembrane helices (TMs) into the membrane. Predominantly, TMs are inserted during protein translation, via a conserved mechanism centered around the Sec translocon. Our study reveals that the C-terminal TMs (cTMs) of numerous MPs across various organisms bypass this cotranslational route, necessitating an alternative posttranslational insertion strategy.

CD74 promotes the formation of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in triple-negative breast cancer in mice by inducing the expansion of tolerogenic dendritic cells and regulatory B cells.

CD74 is a cell-surface receptor for the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). MIF binding to CD74 induces a signaling cascade resulting in the release of its cytosolic intracellular domain (CD74-ICD), which regulates transcription in naïve B and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. In the current study, we investigated the role of CD74 in the regulation of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).

United for change: deliberative coalition formation to change the status quo.

We study a setting in which a community wishes to identify a strongly supported proposal from a space of alternatives, in order to change the status quo. We describe a deliberation process in which agents dynamically form coalitions around proposals that they prefer over the status quo. We formulate conditions on the space of proposals and on the ways in which coalitions are formed that guarantee deliberation to succeed, that is, to terminate by identifying a proposal with the largest possible support.

Consensus prediction of cell type labels in single-cell data with popV.

Cell-type classification is a crucial step in single-cell sequencing analysis. Various methods have been proposed for transferring a cell-type label from an annotated reference atlas to unannotated query datasets. Existing methods for transferring cell-type labels lack proper uncertainty estimation for the resulting annotations, limiting interpretability and usefulness.

Liver X receptor unlinks intestinal regeneration and tumorigenesis.

Uncontrolled regeneration leads to neoplastic transformation. The intestinal epithelium requires precise regulation during continuous homeostatic and damage-induced tissue renewal to prevent neoplastic transformation, suggesting that pathways unlinking tumour growth from regenerative processes must exist. Here, by mining RNA-sequencing datasets from two intestinal damage models and using pharmacological, transcriptomics and genetic tools, we identified liver X receptor (LXR) pathway activation as a tissue adaptation to damage that reciprocally regulates intestinal regeneration and tumorigenesis.

Super-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy by coherent image scanning.

We present super-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy by implementing phase-resolved image scanning microscopy, achieving up to two-fold resolution increase as compared with a conventional CARS microscope. Phase-sensitivity is required for the standard pixel-reassignment procedure since the scattered field is coherent, thus the point-spread function is well-defined only for the field amplitude. We resolve the complex field by a simple add-on to the CARS setup enabling inline interferometry.

The commitment of the human cell atlas to humanity.

The Human Cell Atlas (HCA) is a global partnership "to create comprehensive reference maps of all human cells-the fundamental units of life - as a basis for both understanding human health and diagnosing, monitoring, and treating disease." ( https://www.humancellatlas.

Novel off-context experience constrains hippocampal representational drift.

The hippocampus forms unique neural representations for distinct experiences, supporting the formation of different memories. Hippocampal representations gradually change over time as animals repeatedly visit the same familiar environment ("representational drift"). Such drift has also been observed in other brain areas, such as the parietal, visual, auditory, and olfactory cortices.

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Veterans With Combat-Associated Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Clinical Trial.

Cumulative data indicate that new protocols of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) may induce neuroplasticity and improve clinical symptoms of patients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of HBOT on veterans with combat-associated PTSD (CA-PTSD) in a randomized, sham-controlled trial. Male veterans aged 25-60 years with CA-PTSD, with a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for (CAPS-5) score above 20, were included.

A bitter anti-inflammatory drug binds at two distinct sites of a human bitter taste GPCR.

Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs), a subfamily of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed orally and extraorally, elicit signaling in response to a large set of tastants. Among 25 functional TAS2Rs encoded in the human genome, TAS2R14 is the most promiscuous, and responds to hundreds of chemically diverse ligands. Here we present the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the human TAS2R14 in complex with its signaling partner gustducin, and bound to flufenamic acid (FFA), a clinically approved nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

The many faces of mimicry depend on the social context.

One of the richest and most powerful tools in social communication is the face. Facial expressions are a prominent way to convey high-dimensional, dynamic information, such as emotion, motivation, and intentions. Previous research has linked mimicry of facial expressions to positive human interaction (e.

Tracking dendrites and solid electrolyte interphase formation with dynamic nuclear polarization-NMR spectroscopy.

Polymer-ceramic composite electrolytes enable safe implementation of Li metal batteries with potentially transformative energy density. Nevertheless, the formation of Li-dendrites and its complex interplay with the Li-metal solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) remain a substantial obstacle which is poorly understood. Here we tackle this issue by a combination of solid-state NMR spectroscopy and Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) which boosts NMR interfacial sensitivity through polarization transfer from the metal conduction electrons.

Morphological Evolution of Metal-Organic Frameworks into Hedrite, Sheaf and Spherulite Superstructures with Localized Different Coloration.

The branched metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are the first superstructures of this kind, and the growth mechanism may explain crystal shapes of other materials. The mechanism of the formation of fascinating structures having a hedrite, sheaf or spherulite appearance are detailed. The branching can be controlled, resulting in crystals that either exhibit multiple generations of branching or a single generation.

His-tag based supramolecular biopolymerization.

The term supramolecular polymer has been applied to polymeric materials in which the individual units, i.e., building blocks-are bound to each other via noncovalent interactions, including electrostatic or hydrogen bonding, as well as metal-ligand conjugation.

Determining the rate-limiting processes for cell division in Escherichia coli.

A critical cell cycle checkpoint for most bacteria is the onset of constriction when the septal peptidoglycan synthesis starts. According to the current understanding, the arrival of FtsN to midcell triggers this checkpoint in Escherichia coli. Recent structural and in vitro data suggests that recruitment of FtsN to the Z-ring leads to a conformational switch in actin-like FtsA, which links FtsZ protofilaments to the cell membrane and acts as a hub for the late divisome proteins.

Molecular Heterogeneity and Immune Infiltration Drive Clinical Outcomes in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma.

Background And Objective: Molecular classification of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) can provide insight into divergent clinical outcomes and provide a biological rationale for clinical decision-making. As such, we performed multi-omic analysis of UTUC tumors to identify molecular features associated with disease recurrence and response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB).

Methods: Targeted DNA and whole transcriptome RNA sequencing was performed on 100 UTUC tumors collected from patients undergoing nephroureterectomy.

Why is binding of a divalent metal cation to a structural motif containing four carboxylate residues not accompanied by a conformational change?

We earlier showed that Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase (AChE) contains a cluster of four conserved aspartates that can strongly bind divalent cations, which we named the 4D motif. Binding of the divalent metal cations greatly increases its thermal stability. Here we systematically examined all available crystallographic structures of T.

VI-VS: calibrated identification of feature dependencies in single-cell multiomics.

Unveiling functional relationships between various molecular cell phenotypes from data using machine learning models is a key promise of multiomics. Existing methods either use flexible but hard-to-interpret models or simpler, misspecified models. VI-VS (Variational Inference for Variable Selection) balances flexibility and interpretability to identify relevant feature relationships in multiomic data.