Delay-induced patterns in a two-dimensional lattice of coupled oscillators.

We show how a variety of stable spatio-temporal periodic patterns can be created in 2D-lattices of coupled oscillators with non-homogeneous coupling delays. The results are illustrated using the FitzHugh-Nagumo coupled neurons as well as coupled limit cycle (Stuart-Landau) oscillators. A "hybrid dispersion relation" is introduced, which describes the stability of the patterns in spatially extended systems with large time-delay.

High-resolution diffusion kurtosis imaging at 3T enabled by advanced post-processing.

Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging (DKI) is more sensitive to microstructural differences and can be related to more specific micro-scale metrics (e.g., intra-axonal volume fraction) than diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), offering exceptional potential for clinical diagnosis and research into the white and gray matter.

Local estimation of the noise level in MRI using structural adaptation.

We present a method for local estimation of the signal-dependent noise level in magnetic resonance images. The procedure uses a multi-scale approach to adaptively infer on local neighborhoods with similar data distribution. It exploits a maximum-likelihood estimator for the local noise level.

Bistability and hysteresis in an optically injected two-section semiconductor laser.

The effect of coherent single frequency injection on two-section semiconductor lasers is studied numerically using a model based on a set of delay differential equations. The existence of bistability between different continuous-wave and nonstationary regimes of operation is demonstrated in the case of sufficiently large linewidth enhancement factors.

Localized structures in dissipative media: from optics to plant ecology.

Localized structures (LSs) in dissipative media appear in various fields of natural science such as biology, chemistry, plant ecology, optics and laser physics. The proposal for this Theme Issue was to gather specialists from various fields of nonlinear science towards a cross-fertilization among active areas of research. This is a cross-disciplinary area of research dominated by nonlinear optics due to potential applications for all-optical control of light, optical storage and information processing.

Cavity solitons in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers.

We investigate a control of the motion of localized structures (LSs) of light by means of delay feedback in the transverse section of a broad area nonlinear optical system. The delayed feedback is found to induce a spontaneous motion of a solitary LS that is stationary and stable in the absence of feedback. We focus our analysis on an experimentally relevant system, namely the vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL).

Well-being in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pilot experience sampling study.

Objective: The aim of this longitudinal study was to identify predictors of instantaneous well-being in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Based on flow theory well-being was expected to be highest when perceived demands and perceived control were in balance, and that thinking about the past would be a risk factor for rumination which would in turn reduce well-being.

Methods: Using the experience sampling method, data on current activities, associated aspects of perceived demands, control, and well-being were collected from 10 patients with ALS three times a day for two weeks.

Partially coherent twisted states in arrays of coupled phase oscillators.

We consider a one-dimensional array of phase oscillators with non-local coupling and a Lorentzian distribution of natural frequencies. The primary objects of interest are partially coherent states that are uniformly "twisted" in space. To analyze these, we take the continuum limit, perform an Ott/Antonsen reduction, integrate over the natural frequencies, and study the resulting spatio-temporal system on an unbounded domain.

Adaptive smoothing of multi-shell diffusion weighted magnetic resonance data by msPOAS.

We present a novel multi-shell position-orientation adaptive smoothing (msPOAS) method for diffusion weighted magnetic resonance data. Smoothing in voxel and diffusion gradient space is embedded in an iterative adaptive multiscale approach. The adaptive character avoids blurring of the inherent structures and preserves discontinuities.

Controlling unstable chaos: stabilizing chimera states by feedback.

We present a control scheme that is able to find and stabilize an unstable chaotic regime in a system with a large number of interacting particles. This allows us to track a high dimensional chaotic attractor through a bifurcation where it loses its attractivity. Similar to classical delayed feedback control, the scheme is noninvasive, however only in an appropriately relaxed sense considering the chaotic regime as a statistical equilibrium displaying random fluctuations as a finite size effect.

Spatiotemporal rogue events in optical multiple filamentation.

The transient appearance of bright spots in the beam profile of optical filaments formed in xenon is experimentally investigated. Fluence profiles are recorded with high-speed optical cameras at the kilohertz repetition rate of the laser source. A statistical analysis reveals a thresholdlike appearance of heavy-tailed fluence distributions together with the transition from single to multiple filamentation.

Compressible octave spanning supercontinuum generation by two-pulse collisions.

We demonstrate a novel method for supercontinuum generation in an optical fiber based on two-color pumping with a delay and a group velocity matching. The scheme relies on the enhanced cross-phase-modulation at an intensity induced refractive index barrier between a dispersive wave and a soliton. The generation mechanism neither incorporates soliton fission nor a modulation instability and therefore exhibits extraordinary coherence properties, enabling the temporal compression of octave bandwidth into a short pulse.

Overcoming the shortcomings of the Nernst-Planck model.

This is a study on electrolytes that takes a thermodynamically consistent coupling between mechanics and diffusion into account. It removes some inherent deficiencies of the popular Nernst-Planck model. A boundary problem for equilibrium processes is used to illustrate the features of the new model.

Nonuniversal transitions to synchrony in the Sakaguchi-Kuramoto model.

We investigate the transition to synchrony in a system of phase oscillators that are globally coupled with a phase lag (Sakaguchi-Kuramoto model). We show that for certain unimodal frequency distributions there appear unusual types of synchronization transitions, where synchrony can decay with increasing coupling, incoherence can regain stability for increasing coupling, or multistability between partially synchronized states and/or the incoherent state can appear. Our method is a bifurcation analysis based on a frequency dependent version of the Ott-Antonsen method and allows for a universal description of possible synchronization transition scenarios for any given distribution of natural frequencies.

Sasa-Satsuma equation: soliton on a background and its limiting cases.

We present a multiparameter family of a soliton on a background solution to the Sasa-Satsuma equation. The solution is controlled by a set of several free parameters that control the background amplitude as well as the soliton itself. This family of solutions admits a few nontrivial limiting cases that are considered in detail.

Position-orientation adaptive smoothing of diffusion weighted magnetic resonance data (POAS).

We introduce an algorithm for diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging data enhancement based on structural adaptive smoothing in both voxel space and diffusion-gradient space. The method, called POAS, does not refer to a specific model for the data, like the diffusion tensor or higher order models. It works by embedding the measurement space into a space with defined metric, in this case the Lie group of three-dimensional Euclidean motion SE(3).

Stationary patterns of coherence and incoherence in two-dimensional arrays of non-locally-coupled phase oscillators.

Recently, it has been shown that large arrays of identical oscillators with nonlocal coupling can have a remarkable type of solutions that display a stationary macroscopic pattern of coexisting regions with coherent and incoherent motions, often called chimera states. Here, we present a detailed numerical study of the appearance of such solutions in two-dimensional arrays of coupled phase oscillators. We discover a variety of stationary patterns, including circular spots, stripe patterns, and patterns of multiple spirals.

Multistability of twisted states in non-locally coupled Kuramoto-type models.

A ring of N identical phase oscillators with interactions between L-nearest neighbors is considered, where L ranges from 1 (local coupling) to N/2 (global coupling). The coupling function is a simple sinusoid, as in the Kuramoto model, but with a minus sign which has a profound influence on its behavior. Without the limitation of the generality, the frequency of the free-running oscillators can be set to zero.

Modeling the orientation distribution function by mixtures of angular central Gaussian distributions.

In this paper we develop a tensor mixture model for diffusion weighted imaging data using an automatic model order selection criterion for the number of tensor components in a voxel. We show that the weighted orientation distribution function for this model can be expanded into a mixture of angular central Gaussian distributions. We investigate properties of this model in extensive simulations and in a high angular resolution scan of a human brain.

Chimera states are chaotic transients.

Spatiotemporal chaos and turbulence are universal concepts for the explanation of irregular behavior in various physical systems. Recently, a remarkable new phenomenon, called "chimera states," has been described, where in a spatially homogeneous system, regions of irregular incoherent motion coexist with regular synchronized motion, forming a self-organized pattern in a population of nonlocally coupled oscillators. Whereas most previous studies of chimera states focused their attention on the case of large numbers of oscillators employing the thermodynamic limit of infinitely many oscillators, here we investigate the properties of chimera states in populations of finite size using concepts from deterministic chaos.

Controlling light by light with an optical event horizon.

A novel concept for an all-optical transistor is proposed and verified numerically. This concept relies on cross-phase modulation between a signal and a control pulse. Other than previous approaches, the interaction length is extended by temporally locking control and the signal pulse in an optical event horizon, enabling continuous modification of the central wavelength, energy, and duration of a signal pulse by an up to sevenfold weaker control pulse.

Spectral properties of chimera states.

Chimera states are particular trajectories in systems of phase oscillators with nonlocal coupling that display a spatiotemporal pattern of coherent and incoherent motion. We present here a detailed analysis of the spectral properties for such trajectories. First, we study numerically their Lyapunov spectrum and its behavior for an increasing number of oscillators.

Image analysis and statistical inference in neuroimaging with R.

R is a language and environment for statistical computing and graphics. It can be considered an alternative implementation of the S language developed in the 1970s and 1980s for data analysis and graphics (Becker and Chambers, 1984; Becker et al., 1988).

Chimera states induced by spatially modulated delayed feedback.

Recently, we have presented spatially modulated delayed feedback as a novel mechanism, which generically generates chimera states, remarkable spatiotemporal patterns in which coherence coexists with incoherence [O. E. Omel'chenko, Phys.

Chimera states as chaotic spatiotemporal patterns.

Chimera states are a recently new discovered dynamical phenomenon that appears in arrays of nonlocally coupled oscillators and displays a spatial pattern of coherent and incoherent regions. We report here an additional feature of this dynamical regime: an irregular motion of the position of the coherent and incoherent regions, i.e.