Concurrent analysis of white matter bundles and grey matter networks in the chimpanzee.

Understanding the phylogeny of the human brain requires an appreciation of brain organization of our closest animal relatives. Neuroimaging tools such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allow us to study whole-brain organization in species which can otherwise not be studied. Here, we used diffusion MRI to reconstruct the connections of the cortical hemispheres of the chimpanzee.

Prognostic Values of LAPTM4B-35 in Human Cancer: A Meta-analysis.

: Lysosome-associated protein transmembrane-4β-35(LAPTM4B-35) has been observed overexpressed in multiple malignant tumors. However, the prognostic value of LAPTM4B-35 remains controversial. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the prognostic value of LAPTM4B-35 in human cancers.

Cadmium opens GluK2 kainate receptors with cysteine substitutions at the M3 helix bundle crossing.

Kainate receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that have two major roles in the central nervous system: they mediate a postsynaptic component of excitatory neurotransmission at some glutamatergic synapses and modulate transmitter release at both excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Accumulating evidence implicates kainate receptors in a variety of neuropathologies, including epilepsy, psychiatric disorders, developmental delay, and cognitive impairment. Here, to gain a deeper understanding of the conformational changes associated with agonist binding and channel opening, we generate a series of Cys substitutions in the GluK2 kainate receptor subunit, focusing on the M3 helices that line the ion pore and form the bundle-crossing gate at the extracellular mouth of the channel.

Differences in Rural and Urban Health Information Access and Use.

Purpose: Rural residents may have lower access to and use of certain health information sources relative to urban residents. We investigated differences in information source access and use between rural and urban US adults and whether having low health literacy might exacerbate rural disparities in access to and use of health information.

Methods: Six hundred participants (50% rural) completed an online survey about access and use of 25 health information sources.

Expression, Clinical Significance, and Functional Prediction of MNX1 in Breast Cancer.

Motor neuron and pancreas homeobox 1 (MNX1) is a key developmental gene. Previous studies found that it was upregulated in several tumors, but its role in breast cancer (BC) remains unclear. In order to have a better understanding of this gene in BC, we examined the expression of MNX1 in BC tissues and normal breast tissues by qRT-PCR and by analyzing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database.

Thyrotropin Receptor Blocking Antibodies.

Autoantibodies (Ab) against the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) are frequently found in autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). Autoantibodies to the TSHR (anti-TSHR-Ab) may mimic or block the action of TSH or be functionally neutral. Measurement of anti-TSHR-Ab can be done either via competitive-binding immunoassays or with functional cell-based bioassays.

Impact of Connector Placement and Design on Bending Stiffness of Spinal Constructs.

Objective: To evaluate the stability of multiple rod-connector construct designs using a mechanical 4-point bending testing frame.

Methods: A mechanical study was used to evaluate the bending stiffness of 3 connectors across 12 different configurations of rod-connector-rod constructs. Stability was evaluated in flexion-extension and lateral bending.

Evolving treatment strategies in mantle cell lymphoma.

Mantle cell lymphoma is an incurable, moderately aggressive B cell lymphoma. While a small proportion of patients with indolent disease can be managed expectantly, most patients require treatment. The therapeutic approach is driven by physician recommendation, patient choice, age, fitness and comorbidities.

Claudin-4 reconstituted in unilamellar vesicles is sufficient to form tight interfaces that partition membrane proteins.

Tight junctions have been hypothesized to act as molecular fences in the plasma membrane of epithelial cells, helping to form differentiated apical and basolateral domains. While this fence function is believed to arise from the interaction of four-pass transmembrane claudins, the complexity of tight junctions has made direct evidence of their role as a putative diffusion barrier difficult to obtain. Here, we address this challenge by reconstituting claudin-4 into giant unilamellar vesicles using microfluidic jetting.

The Impact of lncRNA Dysregulation on Clinicopathology and Survival of Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Dysregulation of multiple long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) was reported to play major roles in breast cancer (BC). Here we aimed to collect most of the relevant literature to assess the prognostic value of lncRNAs in BC. To this end, we systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang to identify published articles on the associations of lncRNAs with clinicopathology and/or survival of BC.

Health Literacy and Use and Trust in Health Information.

There is a need to investigate which health information sources are used and trusted by people with limited health literacy to help identify strategies for addressing knowledge gaps that can contribute to preventable illness. We examined whether health literacy was associated with people's use of and trust in a range of potential health information sources. Six hundred participants from a GfK Internet survey panel completed an online survey.

The Lifespan Human Connectome Project in Development: A large-scale study of brain connectivity development in 5-21 year olds.

Recent technological and analytical progress in brain imaging has enabled the examination of brain organization and connectivity at unprecedented levels of detail. The Human Connectome Project in Development (HCP-D) is exploiting these tools to chart developmental changes in brain connectivity. When complete, the HCP-D will comprise approximately ∼1750 open access datasets from 1300 + healthy human participants, ages 5-21 years, acquired at four sites across the USA.

Regional cortical thinning in young adults with schizophrenia but not psychotic or non-psychotic bipolar I disorder.

Background: Schizophrenia shares some genetic risk and clinical symptoms with bipolar disorder. Clinical heterogeneity across subjects is thought to contribute to variable structural imaging findings across studies. The current study investigates cortical thickness in young adults diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder with a history of hyperthymic mania.

Bioelectric-calcineurin signaling module regulates allometric growth and size of the zebrafish fin.

The establishment of relative size of organs and structures is paramount for attaining final form and function of an organism. Importantly, variation in the proportions of structures frequently underlies adaptive change in morphology in evolution and maybe a common mechanism underlying selection. However, the mechanism by which growth is integrated within tissues during development to achieve proper proportionality is poorly understood.

Small Molecules Identified from a Quantitative Drug Combinational Screen Resensitize Cisplatin's Response in Drug-Resistant Ovarian Cancer Cells.

Drug resistance to chemotherapy occurs in many ovarian cancer patients resulting in failure of treatment. Exploration of drug resistance mechanisms and identification of new therapeutics that overcome the drug resistance can improve patient prognosis. Following a quantitative combination screen of 6060 approved drugs and bioactive compounds in a cisplatin-resistant A2780-cis ovarian cancer cell line, 38 active compounds with ICs under 1 μM suppressed the growth of cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells.

Molecular principles underlying dual RNA specificity in the Drosophila SNF protein.

The first RNA recognition motif of the Drosophila SNF protein is an example of an RNA binding protein with multi-specificity. It binds different RNA hairpin loops in spliceosomal U1 or U2 small nuclear RNAs, and only in the latter case requires the auxiliary U2A' protein. Here we investigate its functions by crystal structures of SNF alone and bound to U1 stem-loop II, U2A' or U2 stem-loop IV and U2A', SNF dynamics from NMR spectroscopy, and structure-guided mutagenesis in binding studies.

Using temporal ICA to selectively remove global noise while preserving global signal in functional MRI data.

Temporal fluctuations in functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) have been profitably used to study brain activity and connectivity for over two decades. Unfortunately, fMRI data also contain structured temporal "noise" from a variety of sources, including subject motion, subject physiology, and the MRI equipment. Recently, methods have been developed to automatically and selectively remove spatially specific structured noise from fMRI data using spatial Independent Components Analysis (ICA) and machine learning classifiers.

Association of two polymorphisms with breast cancer susceptibility in Chinese Han women.

Background: Forkhead box P3 () is a key gene in the immune system which also plays a role in tumor development. This study aims to explore the association of two polymorphisms (rs3761548 and rs3761549) with susceptibility to breast cancer (BC).

Method: A case-control study was conducted, involving 560 patients and 583 healthy individuals from the Chinese Han population.

Intestinal Stem Cells Live Off the Fat of the Land.

In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Mihaylova et al. (2018) show that short-term fasting increases serum levels of long-chain fatty acids, presumably derived from the host. This effect in turn can rescue age-related phenotypes that occur in intestinal epithelial stem cells.

A Placebo-Controlled Phase II Study of Ruxolitinib in Combination With Pemetrexed and Cisplatin for First-Line Treatment of Patients With Advanced Nonsquamous Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Systemic Inflammation.

Background: Dysregulation of the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducers and activators of transcription pathway contributes to abnormal inflammatory responses and poor prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We evaluated the JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib plus pemetrexed/cisplatin first-line in patients with stage IIIB/IV or recurrent nonsquamous NSCLC with systemic inflammation (modified Glasgow prognostic score [mGPS] 1/2).

Patients And Methods: Part 1 was an open-label, safety run-in, in which we assessed ruxolitinib (15 mg twice daily [b.

Targeting BCL-2 in Hematologic Malignancies.

Resistance to apoptosis is one of the hallmarks of cancer and members of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) family of proteins are central regulators of apoptosis. Many cancers become resistant to chemotherapy and apoptosis by up-regulating BCL-2 and other family members, making these proteins attractive targets for cancer therapy. Venetoclax is an orally administered, small-molecule apoptosis stimulant that targets BCL-2 proteins by acting as a BCL-2 homology domain 3 (BH3) mimetic.

Internet and Video Game Addictions: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Neurobiology.

In the past 2 decades, there has been substantial increase in availability and use of digital technologies, including the Internet, computer games, smart phones, and social media. Behavioral addiction to use of technologies spawned a body of related research. The recent inclusion of Internet gaming disorder as a condition for further study in the DSM-V invigorated a new wave of researchers, thereby expanding our understanding of these conditions.

What is the natural measurement unit of temperament: single traits or profiles?

There is fundamental doubt about whether the natural unit of measurement for temperament and personality corresponds to single traits or to multi-trait profiles that describe the functioning of a whole person. Biogenetic researchers of temperament usually assume they need to focus on individual traits that differ individuals. Recent research indicates that a shift of emphasis to understand processes the individual is crucial for identifying the natural building blocks of temperament.