Comparative connectomics of the primate social brain.

Social interaction is thought to provide a selection pressure for human intelligence, yet little is known about its neurobiological basis and evolution throughout the primate lineage. Recent advances in neuroimaging have enabled whole brain investigation of brain structure, function, and connectivity in humans and non-human primates (NHPs), leading to a nascent field of comparative connectomics. However, linking social behavior to brain organization across the primates remains challenging.

Neurotoxins subvert the allosteric activation mechanism of SARM1 to induce neuronal loss.

SARM1 is an inducible TIR-domain NAD hydrolase that mediates pathological axon degeneration. SARM1 is activated by an increased ratio of NMN to NAD, which competes for binding to an allosteric activating site. When NMN binds, the TIR domain is released from autoinhibition, activating its NAD hydrolase activity.

Cardiac Surgery in Women in the Current Era: What Are the Gaps in Care?

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for women in United States and worldwide. One in 3 women dies from cardiovascular disease, and 45% of women >20 years old have some form of CVD. Historically, women have had higher morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgery.

Survey of the RhD selection and issuing practices for uncrossmatched blood products at pediatric trauma hospitals in the United States: The BEST collaborative study.

Background: As evidence demonstrating the importance of early transfusions in trauma resuscitation accumulates, when RhD-negative products might not be available, it is important to understand the nature of the RhD-type of products provided to bleeding pediatric patients of potentially unknown RhD-type.

Methods: A survey link was electronically sent to the transfusion service medical director and/or laboratory manager at American pediatric Level I and Level II hospitals inquiring about their practices for selecting RhD-type of uncrossmatched red blood cells (RBC) or low titer group O whole blood (LTOWB) for boys and girls.

Results: There were 55/117 (47.

Latent Class Analysis Reveals COVID-19-related Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Subgroups with Differential Responses to Corticosteroids.

Two distinct subphenotypes have been identified in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), but the presence of subgroups in ARDS associated with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is unknown. To identify clinically relevant, novel subgroups in COVID-19-related ARDS and compare them with previously described ARDS subphenotypes. Eligible participants were adults with COVID-19 and ARDS at Columbia University Irving Medical Center.

Modulation of bioelectric cues in the evolution of flying fishes.

Changes to allometry, or the relative proportions of organs and tissues within organisms, is a common means for adaptive character change in evolution. However, little is understood about how relative size is specified during development and shaped during evolution. Here, through a phylogenomic analysis of genome-wide variation in 35 species of flying fishes and relatives, we identify genetic signatures in both coding and regulatory regions underlying the convergent evolution of increased paired fin size and aerial gliding behaviors.

Comparison of 2-year outcomes with CAR T cells (ZUMA-1) vs salvage chemotherapy in refractory large B-cell lymphoma.

The SCHOLAR-1 international retrospective study highlighted poor clinical outcomes and survival among patients with refractory large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) treated with conventional chemotherapy. Axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel), an autologous anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, demonstrated durable responses in patients with refractory LBCL in the pivotal phase 1/2 ZUMA-1 study (NCT02348216). Here, we compared SCHOLAR-1 with the 2-year outcomes of ZUMA-1.

A critical appraisal of registry-based objective performance goals in peripheral arterial disease.

The multidisciplinary Superficial Femoral Artery-Popliteal EvidencE Development (SPEED) Study Group, under the auspices of the Registry Assessment of Peripheral Interventional Devices (RAPID) partnership, recently published objective performance goals for peripheral vascular interventions in the femoropopliteal arteries. Retrospective outcomes from the Vascular Quality Initiative provided the sole study data source. Strengths and weaknesses of this landmark effort are examined.

Partnered innovation to implement timely and personalized care: A case study.

Background: Understanding how to translate research discoveries into solutions for healthcare improvement is a priority of NIH-funded Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA). This study, supported by one CTSA, aims to capture one process of shaping and implementing innovations to advance the timeliness and patient-centeredness of cardiovascular care. Specifically, we sought to understand a partnership between a private digital health startup company, a university innovation lab, and an academic health system's cardiology program pursuing this goal.

Neurocognition in Kenyan youth at clinical high risk for psychosis.

Introduction: Cognitive deficits are typically seen in schizophrenia and in the prodrome, and are a major predictor of functional outcomes in patients. In Africa, few studies have investigated neurocognition in psychosis, which presents a gap in our understanding of the heterogeneity of the illness. In this study, we assessed neurocognition among the largest sample of psychosis-risk participants recruited in the continent to date.

Psychotic-like experiences among 9,564 Kenyan adolescents and young adults.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of psychotic-like experiences (PLE) in a large cohort of Kenyan adolescents and young adults.

Method: The Washington Early Recognition Center Affectivity and Psychosis (WERCAP) Screen was used to the study the 12-month prevalence of PLE's among 9,564 Kenyan youths (aged 15-25 yrs), and the rates of psychosis high-risk (HR) and medium-risk (MR) cases, based on cut-off scores. Relationships with clinical, demographic and economic profiles were investigated.

Optimizing expression of a single copy transgene in .

The utility of single copy transgenic insertions in is often limited by low expression. We examined the effects of modifying the trans-splicing signal, the Kozak ribosome binding site, the N-terminal amino acid of the reporter and the 3' UTR sequences on the expression level of a promoter GFP transgene. The trans-splicing signal and the 3' UTR had most dramatic effects on expression while modifying the Kozak signal or the N-terminal amino acid had less influence on expression.

Reoperative Partial Nephrectomy-Does Previous Surgical Footprint Impact Outcomes?

Purpose: Historically, open techniques have been favored over minimally invasive approaches for complex surgeries. We aimed to identify differences in perioperative outcomes, surgical footprints, and complication rates in patients undergoing either open or robotic reoperative partial nephrectomy.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective review of patients undergoing reoperative partial nephrectomy was performed.

Survey of newborn direct antiglobulin testing practice in United States and Canadian transfusion services.

Background: We hypothesized that variability in practice exists for newborn immunohematology testing due to lack of consensus guidelines. We report the results of a survey assessing that variability at hospitals in the United States and Canada.

Study Design And Methods: An AABB Pediatric Subsection working party developed and validated a survey of newborn immunohematology testing practice.

Belinostat in combination with standard cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone as first-line treatment for patients with newly diagnosed peripheral T-cell lymphoma.

Background: Belinostat is a histone deacetylase inhibitor approved for relapsed refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). The primary objective of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of belinostat combined with CHOP (Bel-CHOP). Secondary objectives included safety/tolerability, overall response rate (ORR), and belinostat pharmacokinetics (PK).

Primary reverse shoulder arthroplasty in patients with metabolic syndrome is associated with increased rates of deep infection.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an abnormal physiological condition that has been increasingly identified as a risk factor for complications after orthopedic surgery. Given the lack of information on the effect of MetS in shoulder arthroplasty (SA), this investigation analyzed the rates of postoperative complications and implant survivorship free from reoperation and revision in patients with and without MetS.

Methods: Between 2007 and 2017, data from 4635 adults who underwent a primary SA were collected and classified based on the presence or absence of MetS.

The nonhuman primate neuroimaging and neuroanatomy project.

Multi-modal neuroimaging projects such as the Human Connectome Project (HCP) and UK Biobank are advancing our understanding of human brain architecture, function, connectivity, and their variability across individuals using high-quality non-invasive data from many subjects. Such efforts depend upon the accuracy of non-invasive brain imaging measures. However, 'ground truth' validation of connectivity using invasive tracers is not feasible in humans.

Distinct molecular and immunological properties of circulating exosomes isolated from pediatric lung transplant recipients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome - a retrospective study.

Long-term success following human lung transplantation is poor due to chronic rejection. We demonstrated circulating exosomes of lung origin during acute and chronic lung allograft rejection. We analyzed plasma from pediatric lung transplant recipients (LTxRs) enrolled in the CTOT-C-03 to determine whether circulating exosomes are released into circulation during bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS).

Proteomic and functional mapping of cardiac NaV1.5 channel phosphorylation sites.

Phosphorylation of the voltage-gated Na+ (NaV) channel NaV1.5 regulates cardiac excitability, yet the phosphorylation sites regulating its function and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Using a systematic, quantitative phosphoproteomic approach, we analyzed NaV1.