Assessing Urban Policies in a COVID-19 World.

The aim of this study was to identify how the literature analyzes (identifies, evaluates, forecasts, etc.) the relationship between health issues and urban policy in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. Four main levels were identified in these cases: (1) direct demands for changes in health care, (2) social issues, (3) spatial organization and (4) redefining the tasks of public authority in the face of identified challenges.

Costs of polish county hospitals-A behavioral panel function.

In the paper the costs of Polish county hospitals in 2015-2018 are studied using behavioral cost function. The set of variables combines hospitals' characteristics which may determine their level of costs, such as the form of ownership, bed turnover rate, number of patient-days and share of beds in emergency department with environment characteristics which may influence both outsourcing costs and patients' health. In 2017 the system of basic hospital service provision (hospital network) was introduced in Poland.

Determinants of hospital inefficiency. The case of Polish county hospitals.

Local hospitals play a crucial role in the healthcare system. In this study, the efficiency of Polish county hospitals is assessed by considering characteristics of hospitals that may determine their performance, such as the form of ownership, size, and staff structure. The main goal was to analyze the effect of three possible determinants on efficiency: ownership, the presence of an Emergency Department, and the presence of an Intensive Care Unit.

Authenticity of food products in the Polish market checked during 2005-2012.

Background: Food fraud/adulteration has ever increasingly become a dominant food issue of the modern world in both developed and developing countries. It is presumed that globalisation is mainly one of the underlying reasons.

Objectives: To assess and analyse the occurrence of food fraud on the Polish market during 2005-2012.

Kin influence on female reproductive behavior: the evidence from reconstitution of the Bejsce parish registers, 18th to 20th centuries, Poland.

The phenomenon of kin-oriented help, according to inclusive fitness theory, should be of crucial importance with respect to the process of reproduction. This is due to the fact that the devoted time and resources might indirectly contribute to the reproductive performance of a donor. This study aimed at analyzing the kin effects on fertility in order to check whether help received from kinsmen enhance a recipient's reproduction in terms of parity transition risk, completed fertility, and the number of survivors.