Pyomyositis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Pyomyositis is an unusual but potentially serious disease in children. Staphylococcus aureus is the most commonly implicated pathogen, but pneumococcal pyomyositis is very rare. Clinical diagnosis of pyomyositis can be difficult often mimicking septic arthritis of the hip or appendicitis.

Retropharyngeal edema: an unusual manifestation of Kawasaki disease.

Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute multisystem vasculitis of unknown etiology that typically affects young children. KD presenting as a retropharyngeal inflammatory process is very rare.

Objectives: To report a case of KD initially presenting as a retropharyngeal edema mimicking a deep neck infection, and to review previously published reports in the literature.

Osteomyelitis in adolescents.

Osteomyelitis in adolescents is a serious disease with the potential for lifelong disability. Microbial invasion of the bone typically results from hematogenous seeding. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis.

Orbital cellulitis in children.

Background: To review the epidemiology and management of orbital cellulitis in children.

Methods: The medical records of children < or = 18 years old and hospitalized from June 1, 1992, through May 31, 2002, at the Brenner Children's Hospital, with a discharge ICD-9 code indicating a diagnosis of orbital cellulitis and confirmed by computed tomography scan were reviewed. A literature search for additional studies for systematic review was also conducted.

Perinatally acquired HIV-1 infection: prevention and evaluation of HIV-exposed infants.

Perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the primary cause of pediatric HIV infections. In recent years, perinatal HIV-1 transmission rates in the United States have declined markedly because of several factors that include enhanced voluntary counseling and HIV-1 testing (VCT) for pregnant women, widespread use of antiretroviral prophylaxis or combination antiretroviral therapy, avoidance of breastfeeding, and elective cesarean delivery. However, perinatal transmission of HIV-1 still occurs, and 300 to 400 infected infants are born annually, primarily because of missed prevention opportunities.