Mosquito protein kinase G phosphorylates flavivirus NS5 and alters flight behavior in Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae.

Many arboviral proteins are phosphorylated in infected mammalian cells, but it is unknown if the same phosphorylation events occur when insects are similarly infected. One of the mammalian kinases responsible for phosphorylation, protein kinase G (PKG), has been implicated in the behavior of multiple nonvector insects, but is unstudied in mosquitoes. PKG from Aedes aegypti was cloned, and phosphorylation of specific viral sites was monitored by mass spectrometry from biochemical and cell culture experiments.

Alcoholism.

Several medications may help improve treatment of alcoholic patients. Medications that effectively and specifically reverse symptoms of alcohol intoxication or coma currently are lacking. Benzodiazepines remain the most effective medications for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal and for the prevention of withdrawal seizures and delirium, even though the adrenergic agents clonidine or atenolol may hasten resolution of withdrawal symptoms and facilitate outpatient detoxification.