Opsomyoclonus: A rare complication of West Nile virus.

West Nile virus is a mosquito-borne illness that usually presents as asymptomatic or with a viral syndrome, and normally is treated with supportive care or immunotherapy. However, some patients can develop neurologic symptoms of viral meningoencephalitis. This article describes a patient who developed opsomyoclonus, a rare complication of West Nile virus meningoencephalitis.

Metabolomic Profiling of Cerebrospinal Fluid Reveals Metabolite Biomarkers in Tick-Borne Encephalitis Patient.

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) can cause life-threatening central nervous system infection. Changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolites may reflect critical aspects of host responses and end-organ damage in neuro infection and neuroinflammation. In this study, we applied an untargeted metabolomics screen of CSF samples to investigate the metabolites profile and explore biomarkers for TBEV infection.

Microbiota composition of Culex perexiguus mosquitoes during the West Nile virus outbreak in southern Spain.

West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus naturally circulating between mosquito vectors and birds, occasionally infecting horses and humans and causing epidemiologically relevant outbreaks. In Spain, the first big WNV outbreak was recorded in 2020, resulting in 77 people infected and 8 fatalities, most of them in southern Spain. Culex perexiguus was identified as the primary vector of WNV maintaining its enzootic circulation of the virus.

Brain on Fire: How Brain Infection and Neuroinflammation Drive Worldwide Epilepsy Burden.

Roughly 80% of the global burden of epilepsy resides in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs; WHO, 2022). Despite numerous new therapies for the treatment of epilepsy, the number of patients who remain resistant to available medications is unchanged. Additionally, no therapy has yet been clinically proven to prevent or attenuate the development of epilepsy in at-risk individuals.

Molecular Analysis of Coxsackievirus B2 Associated With Severe Symptoms of the Central Nervous System.

Coxsackievirus B2 (CVB2) is a member of the enterovirus group known to induce a spectrum of illnesses, from mild to severe. In the summer of 2022, an unusual outbreak of enteroviral central nervous system (CNS) infections occurred that was attributed to CVB2. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected from patients in 2015-2022 were tested for enterovirus via RT-PCR, followed by Sanger sequencing for positive cases.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators: A large case series.

Background: Risk factors for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) associated with sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulators are not as well-characterized as for natalizumab. We characterized S1PR modulator-associated PML cases and risk factors for PML using spontaneous adverse event reports.

Methods: We reviewed case reports from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System database and the medical literature.

Japanese encephalitis virus infection induces mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis through the proapoptotic protein BAX.

The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a zoonotic flavivirus, is Asia's primary cause of viral encephalitis. JEV induces apoptosis in a variety of cells; however, the precise mechanisms underlying this apoptosis resulting from JEV infection remain to be elucidated. Our previous studies showed that the proapoptosis gene BAX may have a role in JEV proliferation.

A rapid and versatile reverse genetic approach and visualization animal models for emerging zoonotic pseudorabies virus.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV), a member of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily and a causative pathogen of Aujeszky's disease, has a broad host range including domestic and wild animals. PRV has been reported as a causative agent in patients with acute encephalitis in 2021, which suggests PRV might be a novel animal-origin virus in terms of zoonotic spillover and spread potential. To manage current PRV epidemics in pigs and prepare for future pandemics in other species including humans.

Characteristics of Madariaga and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Infections, Panama.

Madariaga virus (MADV) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) are emerging arboviruses affecting rural and remote areas of Latin America. However, clinical and epidemiologic reports are limited, and outbreaks are occurring at an increasing frequency. We addressed the data gap by analyzing all available clinical and epidemiologic data of MADV and VEEV infections recorded since 1961 in Panama.

Australian mosquitoes are competent vectors for Japanese encephalitis virus genotype IV.

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is transmitted by species of mosquitoes. In 2022, JEV belonging to a previously unrecognized lineage of genotype IV (GIV) caused a major outbreak of JE in South-eastern Australia, resulting in human cases and affecting piggeries. has previously been implicated as the major vector of JEV in northern Australia where the virus has circulated since its first detection in 1995.

TRIM32 inhibits Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection by targeting a late step in viral entry.

Alphaviruses are mosquito borne RNA viruses that are a reemerging public health threat. Alphaviruses have a broad host range, and can cause diverse disease outcomes like arthritis, and encephalitis. The host ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) plays critical roles in regulating cellular processes to control the infections with various viruses, including alphaviruses.

Profile of Cytokines and T Cell Subsets Transcription Factors in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Viral Encephalitis.

This study investigates the demographic, clinical characteristics, virological profiles, and immunological responses of patients with viral encephalitis (VE) compared with a control group. The VE group displayed a wide range of neurological symptoms. Virological analysis revealed the predominance of Herpesviridae family viruses.

Vectorial dynamics underpinning current and future tick-borne virus emergence in Europe.

Tick-borne diseases pose a growing threat to human and animal health in Europe, with tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), vectored by and , respectively, emerging as primary public health concerns. The ability of ticks to transmit pathogens to multiple hosts and maintain infections across life stages makes them highly efficient vectors. However, many aspects of tick ecology and vectorial capacity remain understudied.

Brain biopsy and pathological diagnosis for drug-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) with inflammatory reactions.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by JC virus (JCV) infection. Although recognized as an AIDS complication in the 1980s, PML has emerged as a serious adverse event of immunosuppressive therapies since 2005, particularly disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) for multiple sclerosis (MS). PML can also occur in patients with collagenous diseases receiving steroid therapy or with age-related immunosuppression.

Design, development, and validation of a strand-specific RT-qPCR assay to differentiate replicating versus nonreplicating Rabies virus.

The Rabies virus, a single-strand RNA virus with a negative-sense polarity, is responsible for causing encephalitis and is a zoonotic disease. If not promptly treated after infection, it has a close to 100 % fatality rate. Similar to other negative-sense polarity single-strand RNA viruses, the Rabies virus requires the creation of a positive-strand RNA intermediate for replication.