Whole-genome sequencing surveillance of Siberian tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) identifies an additional lineage in Kyrgyzstan.

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the most prevalent tick-borne viral disease in Europe and Asia. There are three main subtypes of the virus: European, Siberian, and Far Eastern, each of which having distinctive ecology, clinical presentation, and geographic distribution. In recent years, other TBEV subtypes have been described, namely the Himalayan and Baikalian subtypes.

Eilat virus isolated from Culex univittatus mosquitoes from the Namibian Zambezi Region influences in vitro superinfection with alpha- and flaviviruses in a virus-species-dependent manner.

The genus Alphavirus harbors arboviruses of great concern, such as the Chikungunya virus and the equine encephalitis viruses. Transmission of pathogenic alphaviruses by mosquitoes could be influenced by insect-specific alphaviruses such as Eilat virus (EILV). However, insect-specific alphaviruses are rarely found in wild mosquitoes and only a few have been described in the literature.

Developing a universal multi-epitope protein vaccine candidate for enhanced borna virus pandemic preparedness.

Introduction: Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) is an emerging zoonotic RNA virus that can cause severe acute encephalitis with high mortality. Currently, there are no effective countermeasures, and the potential risk of a future outbreak requires urgent attention. To address this challenge, the complete genome sequence of BoDV-1 was utilized, and immunoinformatics was applied to identify antigenic peptides suitable for vaccine development.

Evaluation of the Queensland JEV vaccine program response to the 2022 Australian outbreak.

In 2022, the largest ever virgin soil outbreak of Japanese encephalitis (JE) occurred in Australia resulting in 45 reported human cases of JE, with seven fatalities. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) was detected in 84 piggeries across Australia. In response, states implemented targeted vaccination programs for those individuals at the highest risk of JEV exposure.

Testing perioperative meloxicam analgesia to enhance welfare while preserving model validity in an inflammation-induced seizure model.

Despite the international effort to improve laboratory animal welfare through the 3R principles (Reduce, Refine, Replace), many scientists still fail to implement and report their assessment of pain and well-being, likely due to concerns regarding the potential effects of analgesics on experimental outcomes. This study aimed to determine whether refining our viral encephalitis model with perioperative analgesia could enhance well-being and recovery after intracerebral virus infection without impacting disease outcomes. We routinely use the Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (TMEV) model to study virus-induced epilepsy.

Pandemic potential of the Nipah virus and public health strategies adopted during outbreaks: Lessons from Kerala, India.

Kerala, a south Indian state witnessed several outbreaks of Nipah encephalitis since 2018, a zoonotic viral disease with significant pandemic potential. This review highlights the relevance of surveillance and health system preparedness, infection control, early diagnosis and treatment with broad-spectrum antivirals, environmental conservation, and community engagement in mitigating Nipah outbreaks. Additionally, it emphasises the importance of developing new biologicals and anti-viral drugs to combat the disease.

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) regulates microglial activation in pseudorabies virus infection.

The primary cause of viral encephalitis (VE) is invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) by the virus, which leads to neuroinflammation and poses a significant threat to global public health. Microglia, as CNS-resident macrophages, play a crucial role in neuroinflammation and are often identified as the preferred target for the prevention or treatment of VE. In this study, we used pseudorabies virus (PRV)-induced VE in mice and pigs as a model to investigate the regulation of microglial responses during viral encephalitis and explored the mechanism of microglial activation.

Genetic diversity and Wolbachia infection in the Japanese encephalitis virus vector Culex tritaeniorhynchus in the Republic of Korea.

Background: Culex tritaeniorhynchus, a major vector of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), is found across a broad geographical range, including Africa, Asia, Australia and Europe. Understanding the population structure and genetic diversity of pathogen vectors is increasingly seen as important for effective disease control. In China and Japan, two countries in close proximity to the Republic of Korea (ROK), Cx.

Japanese encephalitis virus NS3 captures the protein translation element by interacting with HNRNPH1 to promote viral replication.

Japanese encephalitis caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection leads to the central nervous system disorder in human and swine. Viruses utilize the host protein synthesis mechanisms to efficiently translate their RNAs. Herein, we demonstrated that the host transcription factor SOX10 downregulated an RNA-binding protein heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H (HNRNPH1) during JEV infection.

Utility of Oligoclonal Band Testing in Differentiating Immune-Mediated From Infectious Central Nervous System Disorders.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of oligoclonal bands (OCB) in differentiating between immune and infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS).

Methods: The study enrolled patients hospitalized with suspected autoimmune or infectious CNS disorders between 2021 and 2023. Patients were categorized into diagnostic groups: multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), autoimmune encephalitis (AE), and viral encephalitis (VE).

In Children, -Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Antibody Encephalitis Incidence Exceeds That of Japanese Encephalitis in Vietnam.

Background: The recognition of autoimmune causes of encephalitis has led to epidemiological shifts in the worldwide characteristics of encephalitis. -methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibody encephalitis leads to well-established complex neuropsychiatric manifestations. In low- and middle-income countries, including Vietnam, its relative incidence, especially in children, is unknown and most neurologists currently consider infectious encephalitis prior to autoimmune etiologies.

Post ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Corona Virus Vaccine (Recombinant) (Covishield) Brachial Plexitis - Report of Two Cases Along with Review of Literature.

Various neurological complications have been linked with vaccines ranging from encephalitis, stroke, ADEM to GBS and many more. Although both viral as well as bacterial vaccines have been reported to cause neurological adverse events, brachial plexitis following vaccination is very uncommon. Vaccination drive against COVID-19 was started on 16th Jan 2021 in India.

Severe Epstein-Barr virus encephalitis with peripheral nerve damage: A case report.

Rationale: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a B-lymphotropic double-stranded DNA virus. Most people infected with EBV are asymptomatic infection. Its clinical symptoms are rarely manifested as EBV encephalitis, and peripheral nerve damage is even rarer.

NS2B-D55E and NS2B-E65D Variations Are Responsible for Differences in NS2B-NS3 Protease Activities Between Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotype I and III in Fluorogenic Peptide Model.

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) NS2B-NS3 is a protein complex composed of NS3 proteases and an NS2B co-factor. The N-terminal protease domain (180 residues) of NS3 (NS3(pro)) interacts directly with a central 40-amino acid hydrophilic domain of NS2B (NS2B(H)) to form an active serine protease. In this study, the recombinant NS2B(H)-NS3(pro) proteases were prepared in and used to compare the enzymatic activity between genotype I (GI) and III (GIII) NS2B-NS3 proteases.

Transcriptome and Proteome Analyses Revealed Differences in JEV-Infected PK-15 Cells in Response to Ferroptosis Agonists and Antagonists.

Epidemic encephalitis B caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a common zoonotic disease that poses threats to both pigs and humans. The cellular defense mechanism is closely tied to the body's resistance to viral invasion. Regulated cell death, such as ferroptosis, is a strategy employed by host cells to defend against viral invasions.

Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the cerebrospinal fluid of COVID-19 patients and vaccinated controls: a multicentre study.

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of COVID-19 patients possibly reflect blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB) disruption due to systemic inflammation. However, some studies indicate that CSF antibodies signal a neurotropic infection. Currently, larger studies are needed to clarify this, and it is unknown if CSF antibodies appear solely after infection or also after COVID-19 vaccination.

Dengue encephalitis in pediatrics: case series in a hospital in Tucumán, Argentina.

Dengue is a vector-borne viral disease with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. Nervous system involvement is one of its severe forms. This is mainly due to three mechanisms: metabolic alterations, autoimmune reactions, and direct invasion of the virus.

Optimization of antiviral dosing in Herpesviridae encephalitis: a promising approach to improve outcome?

Background: Despite established antiviral therapy for herpes simplex (HSV), varicella zoster (VZV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) encephalitis, outcome remains poor.

Objectives: To assess pharmacokinetic (PK) and -dynamic (PD) data of antiviral drugs in the central nervous system (CNS) to optimize treatment of Herpesviridae encephalitis.

Sources: PUBMED search 1950 to September 2024, terms 1.

A Serological Assay for the Detection of Antibodies Generated Against California Serogroup Virus Infection.

The California serogroup (CSG) viruses are orthobunyaviruses endemic in North America and responsible for the second most common cause of mosquito-borne viral encephalitis in the United States. As the CSG viruses have been neglected and are poorly studied, there are no commercial diagnostic serological assays or reagents available for detection. Therefore, diagnostic laboratories have had to rely on the development of their own in-house serological assays.

[Western equine encephalitis: Brainstem involvement and clinical manifestations].

Western equine encephalitis is a zoonotic viral disease transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito. Humans are terminal hosts and since they develop a very low and short lasting viremia, they are incapable of transmitting the disease. Most cases are asymptomatic, but it can present with high fever, myalgia and encephalitis or meningitis.

Colocalization of hedgehog arterivirus 1 (HhAV-1) and histologic lesions in the European hedgehog () with neurological disease.

The European hedgehog () is a protected species of conservation concern in the UK. In recent years, there have been multiple incidents of fatal encephalitis in captive hedgehogs in wildlife rescue centers associated with the molecular detection of a hedgehog arterivirus (HhAV-1). However, it remains unclear whether the virus is the causative agent of the central nervous system (CNS) lesions.

Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Induce Exhaustion-Like CD8 T Cells during JEV Infection.

Japanese encephalitis (JE), caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease and a leading cause of viral encephalitis worldwide. While JEV has the ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the precise mechanisms by which it inhibits the immune response prior to penetrating the BBB remain unclear, presenting obstacles in the development of efficacious therapeutic interventions. This study investigated the impact of JEV on CD8 T cell responses, with a particular focus on the dysfunction of CD8 T cells during JEV infection.

Sustained antiviral insulin signaling during West Nile virus infection results in viral mutations.

Arthropod-borne viruses or arboviruses, including West Nile virus (WNV), dengue virus (DENV), and Zika virus (ZIKV) pose significant threats to public health. It is imperative to develop novel methods to control these mosquito-borne viral infections. We previously showed that insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling (IIS)-dependent activation of ERK and JAK-STAT signaling has significant antiviral activity in insects and human cells.

Metatranscriptomic analysis reveals the diversity of RNA viruses in ticks in Inner Mongolia, China.

Background: Ticks are widely distributed throughout China and are the second most prevalent pathogen vectors in the world, following only mosquitoes. Tick bites can lead to Lyme disease, forest encephalitis, and other illnesses that may result in death under severe circumstances. Materials and methods: Ticks collected from March 2021 to May 2023 were pooled and used in metatranscriptomic analyses to gain insight into the diversity and distribution of tick-borne viruses in Inner Mongolia.

Establishment of an Early Prediction Model for Severe Fever With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome-Associated Encephalitis.

Background: Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease primarily transmitted by ticks. The development of encephalitis in SFTS patients significantly increases the risk of adverse outcomes. However, the understanding of SFTS-associated encephalitis (SFTSAE) is still limited.