361 results match your criteria: "Vienna University of Economics and Business[Affiliation]"

Forecast of total health expenditure on China's ageing population: a system dynamics model.

BMC Health Serv Res

December 2024

Western Sydney University, School of Computer, Data and Mathematical Sciences, Sydney, Australia.

Background: China is currently at a turning point as its total population has started to decline, and therefore faces issues related to caring for an ageing population, which will require an increase in Total Health Expenditure (THE). Therefore, the ability to forecast China's future THE is essential.

Methods: We developed two THE System Dynamics (SD) models using Stella Architect 3.

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Energy input and food output: The energy imbalance across regional agrifood systems.

PNAS Nexus

December 2024

Industrial Ecology Programme, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7034, Norway.

Biomass was the principal energy source in preindustrial societies; their agriculture provided more energy than it required. Thus, the energy return on energy investment (EROEI) needed to be >1. Recent studies have indicated that this may not be the case for modern industrialized agrifood systems (AFSs).

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Article Synopsis
  • - The paper explores how Knowledge Graphs (KGs) can facilitate real-time human interventions in AI-driven manufacturing processes in the evolving Industry 5.0 environment to enhance system performance under dynamic conditions.
  • - It advocates for a "late shaping" design approach, allowing for adaptability and integration of human intelligence during runtime, contrasting with the traditional "early shaping" method that fixes system behavior at the design phase.
  • - The discussion includes insights from the European project Teaming.AI, focusing on challenges such as domain expertise modeling, vertical knowledge integration, and dynamically populating KGs for improved relational machine learning outcomes.
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This article investigates the short- and long-term impacts of retirement on loneliness using panel data from the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe. To identify causal effects, we exploit differences in retirement rules across and within countries and use retirement thresholds in an instrumental variable setting. On average, we find that entering retirement leads to a reduction in loneliness in the long run and no clear effect in the short run.

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Article Synopsis
  • Researchers investigated the prognostic significance of FGF8, ALK, and EML4 as biomarkers in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), focusing on patients who had surgery for the disease.
  • The study included 122 patients and utilized fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry to analyze gene status and protein expression of FGF8, ALK, and EML4.
  • Results indicated that high levels of FGF8 overexpression predicted worse overall survival rates and showed a strong correlation with the alterations of ALK and EML4, suggesting FGF8 might be a target for future therapies.
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Article Synopsis
  • The study evaluates the real-world effectiveness of two oral antivirals, nirmatrelvir-ritonavir and molnupiravir, against the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 in non-hospitalized adults.
  • Data were obtained from a retrospective cohort study involving over 113,000 confirmed cases of Covid-19, comparing treated patients with untreated controls to assess risks of hospitalization and death within 28 days.
  • Results showed that nirmatrelvir-ritonavir significantly reduced hospitalization and death rates, especially in individuals aged 60 and older; however, molnupiravir did not show a significant difference in these outcomes compared to untreated controls.
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Applications of blockchain technology in long-term care: use cases, potentials, and barriers.

BMC Health Serv Res

October 2024

Institute for Social Policy, Department of Socioeconomics, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Welthandelsplatz 1, D4, Vienna, 1020, Austria.

Background: Digitalization in long-term care (LTC) is being discussed as a means of easing pressures on care service delivery, optimizing care coordination and planning processes, and improving service quality. With its advanced data protection and process automation features, blockchain technology could help solve data security and privacy issues, especially for the implementation of assistive technologies. Blockchain (BC) is thus a new technology being tapped in LTC.

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The evolution of cooperation through indirect reciprocity is a pivotal mechanism for sustaining large-scale societies. Because third parties return cooperative behaviour in indirect reciprocity, reputations that assess and share these third parties' behaviour play an essential role. Studies on indirect reciprocity have predominantly focused on the costs associated with cooperative behaviour, overlooking the costs tied to the mechanisms underpinning reputation sharing.

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Improving antibiotic prescribing - Recommendations for funding and pricing policies to enhance use of point-of-care tests.

Health Policy Open

December 2024

WHO Collaborating Centre for Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Policies, Pharmacoeconomics Department, Gesundheit Österreich GmbH (GÖG/Austrian National Public Health Institute), Stubenring 6, 1010 Vienna, Austria.

Introduction: Diagnostics can contribute to the improved quality of antibiotic prescribing. However, there is potential to enhance the use of point-of-care tests (POCTs) in general practice. This paper presents fit-for-purpose policy recommendations related to funding and pricing for POCTs applied for community-acquired acute respiratory tract infections (CA-ARTIs).

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Cost and resource comparison analysis for THA in Switzerland and Austria.

Int J Technol Assess Health Care

October 2024

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, HFR Cantonal Hospital, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.

Article Synopsis
  • Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is an expensive orthopedic procedure affecting healthcare costs significantly in Austria and Switzerland, prompting a comparative cost analysis.
  • Data from national registers and healthcare services revealed similar patient demographics; however, THA costs were lower in both countries when adjusted for inflation but higher in Austria when considering purchasing power.
  • While hospitalization duration decreased substantially in both countries from 2015 to 2021, patients in Austria generally incurred higher costs and stayed longer in the hospital compared to those in Switzerland.
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Elevated fibrinogen-albumin ratio is an adverse prognostic factor for patients with primarily resected gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma.

J Cancer Res Clin Oncol

October 2024

Department of General Surgery, Gastroesophageal Tumor Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Purpose: Serum fibrinogen and albumin play important roles in systemic inflammation and are implicated in tumor progression. The fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio (FAR) has shown a prognostic impact in several malignancies. This study aims to assess the prognostic value of the pretherapeutic FAR in patients with adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction (AEG) who underwent upfront resection.

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Encouraging restaurant guests to order vegetarian dishes plays a key role in creating a more environmentally sustainable tourism sector. However, for many consumers eating a meat dish is an important aspect of their enjoyment-focused restaurant experience. Identifying new approaches that support restaurants in selling more vegetarian dishes are urgently needed.

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Corporate income tax, IP boxes and the location of R&D.

Int Tax Public Financ

January 2024

Faculty of Economics and Business, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60323 Frankfurt (Main), Germany.

We discuss corporate tax effects on multinationals' R&D. Theoretically, we find that a host country's tax increase may boost local R&D expenditure: while R&D becomes deductible at a higher rate, this higher rate may not apply to all R&D returns. First, as R&D creates a public good within the MNE, some R&D returns are taxed at other countries' tax rates.

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Algorithm-agnostic significance testing in supervised learning with multimodal data.

Brief Bioinform

September 2024

Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.

Motivation: Valid statistical inference is crucial for decision-making but difficult to obtain in supervised learning with multimodal data, e.g. combinations of clinical features, genomic data, and medical images.

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Selective insensitivity to income held by the richest.

PNAS Nexus

September 2024

Organizational Behavior Unit, Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02241-2275, USA.

The misperception of income inequality is often touted as a critical barrier to more widespread support of redistributive policies. Here, we examine to what extent and why (mis)perceptions vary systematically across the income distribution. Drawing on data from four studies ( = 2,744)-including a representative sample and preregistered incentive-compatible experiments-we offer converging evidence that people specifically underestimate the amount of income held by the top of the income distribution.

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Background: - Coal mining areas in the UK continue to suffer worse health outcomes despite the industry disappearing by the early 1990s. Unemployment and deprivation are cited as key explanations. However, as the health effects of hazardous working environments continue after the industry's closure, it is unclear to what extent this ongoing health deficit is due to the legacy health effect of coal mining versus socioeconomic factors, including unemployment and deprivation.

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Climate change is projected to have substantial economic, social, and environmental impacts worldwide. Currently, the leading solutions for hydrogen storage are in salt caverns, and depleted natural gas reservoirs. However, the required geological formations are limited to certain regions.

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Objective: The main objective of this study was to examine the relationship between mobility patterns during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and orthopedic trauma patients in Austria. Utilizing global positioning system (GPS)-based mobility data, the attempt was to assess both the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on reducing orthopedic trauma patients and the degree of compliance to the imposed movement restrictions.

Methods: This retrospective analysis included all patients (283,501) treated at 3 major level I trauma centers in Austria.

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Background: Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (ADODs) severely threaten the wellbeing of older people, their families, and communities, especially with projected exponential growth. Understanding the macroeconomic implications of ADODs for policy making is essential but under-researched.

Methods: We used a health-augmented macroeconomic model to calculate the macroeconomic burden of ADODs for 152 countries or territories, accounting for: the effect on labour supply of reduced working hours of informal caregivers; the effect on labour supply of ADODs-related mortality and morbidity; age-sex-specific differences in education, work experience, labour market participations, and informal caregivers; and treatment and formal care costs diverting from savings and investments.

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Exploring the evolutionary mechanisms of cooperation in societies where reputational consensus cannot be assumed, as in divided societies, is important for understanding the basic principles of human behavior in modern societies. Indirect reciprocity provides a major explanatory mechanism, but most studies have focused on how donors, i.e.

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Climate physical risk assessment is crucial to inform adaptation policies and finance. However, science-based and transparent solutions to assess climate physical risks are limited, compounding the adaptation gap. This is a main limitation to fill the adaptation gap.

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Purpose: The provision and funding of long-term care (LTC) for older people varies between European countries. Despite differences, there is limited information about the comparative performance of LTC systems in Europe. In this study, we compared quality of life (QoL) of informal carers of home care service users in Austria, England and Finland.

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Web-based occupational stress prevention in German micro- and small-sized enterprises - process evaluation results of an implementation study.

BMC Public Health

June 2024

Institute of Medical Sociology, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Dusseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.

Background: Structural and behavioral interventions to manage work-related stress are effective in employees. Nonetheless, they have been implemented insufficiently, particularly in micro- and small-sized enterprises (MSE). Main barriers include a lack of knowledge and limited resources, which could potentially be overcome with simplified web-based alternatives for occupational stress prevention.

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A dataset of human capital-weighted population estimates for 185 countries from 1970 to 2100.

Sci Data

June 2024

International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital (IIASA, OeAW, Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital (IIASA, OeAW, University of Vienna), Laxenburg, Austria.

We provide a novel dataset of human capital-weighted population size (HCWP) for 185 countries from 1970 to 2100. HCWP summarizes a population's productive capacity and human capital heterogeneity in a single metric, enabling comparisons across countries and over time. The weights are derived from Mincerian earnings functions applied to multi-country census data on educational attainment.

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Objective: Mental health problems are prevalent among African adolescents, but professional treatment capacity is limited. Shamiri, an efficient lay provider-delivered intervention, has significantly reduced depression and anxiety symptoms in previous randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This trial investigated effects of the full Shamiri intervention and its components (growth-only, gratitude-only, and values-only) against a study skills control.

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