Upregulation of haematopoetic cell kinase (Hck) activity by a secreted parasite effector protein (Ta9) drives proliferation of Theileria annulata-transformed leukocytes.

Reversible transformation of bovine leukocytes by the intracellular parasites Theileria annulata and Theileria parva is central to pathogenesis of the diseases they cause, tropical theileriosis and East Coast Fever, respectively. Parasite-dependent constitutive activation of major host transcription factors such as AP-1 (Activating Protein 1) and NF-κB (Nuclear Factor-Kappa B) sustains the transformed state. Although parasite interaction with host cell signaling pathways upstream of AP-1 have been studied, the precise contribution of Theileria encoded factors capable of modulating AP-1 transcriptional activity, and other infection-altered signaling pathways is not fully understood.

Comparative efficacy of anaerobic digestion systems in removing antimicrobial resistance genes from swine wastewater.

Swine farm wastewater is a major reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Anaerobic digestion (AD), widely implemented in farms, has been extensively studied for ARG removal. However, a comparative study on ARG removal efficiency across the four principal AD systems - up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), buried biogas digester (BBD), and septic tank (SPT) - is lacking.

Efficacy of fenbendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected goats in Maputo Province, Mozambique using in vivo, in vitro and molecular assessment.

Anthelmintic resistance occurs worldwide in strongyles of ruminants but data from low-income countries are sparse and rarely apply most up to date methods, while effects of management practices in these countries are poorly documented. In Mozambique, benzimidazole resistance has been previously reported; the present study followed this up in detail, applying in vivo faecal egg count (FEC) reduction test (FECRT), in vitro egg hatch test (EHT) and molecular deep amplicon sequencing approaches targeting the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2, nemabiome) and the isotype 1 β-tubulin gene to determine the resistance status on farms and the strongyle species involved. Adult Landim goats (433) from six semi-intensive and ten extensive farms (22-30 animals/farm) from Maputo Province were visited April 2021 to February 2022.

Differences in constitutive gene expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes and ATP-binding cassette transporter gene expression between a susceptible and a highly macrocyclic lactone-resistant Haemonchus contortus isolate in the absence of drug-inducible expression.

Background: Anthelmintic resistance in ruminants is a widespread problem that has a severe impact on productivity and animal welfare. The helminth Haemonchus contortus is generally considered the most important parasite in small ruminants due to its high pathogenicity and the widespread occurrence of anthelmintic resistance in it. Although the molecular mechanisms associated with resistance against the anthelmintics benzimidazoles (BZs) and levamisole are relatively well understood, the resistance mechanisms against the widely used anthelmintic macrocyclic lactones (MLs) ivermectin (IVM) and moxidectin (MOX) remain poorly understood.

A Survey on Companion Animal Owners' Perception of Veterinarians' Communication About Zoonoses and Antimicrobial Resistance in Germany.

The intimate bonds between humans and their pets create favourable conditions that support the mutual transmission of pathogens in either direction. In this context, veterinarians are essential in informing and educating pet owners about health risks linked to zoonotic pathogens and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). To effectively convey this information, veterinarians should have strong communication skills.

A proteome-wide structural systems approach reveals insights into protein families of all human herpesviruses.

Structure predictions have become invaluable tools, but viral proteins are absent from the EMBL/DeepMind AlphaFold database. Here, we provide proteome-wide structure predictions for all nine human herpesviruses and analyze them in depth with explicit scoring thresholds. By clustering these predictions into structural similarity groups, we identified new families, such as the HCMV UL112-113 cluster, which is conserved in alpha- and betaherpesviruses.

Survey in ruminants from Rwanda revealed high diversity and prevalence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Enterobacterales constitutes a significant threat to the health of both humans and animals and a socioeconomic problem. Enterobacterales, mainly Escherichia coli, carrying β-lactamases has become one of the main indicators to estimate the burden of AMR in animals within "One Health" approach.

Objectives: To assess the presence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales associated with ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats) habituated in all five provinces of Rwanda and to perform in depth characterization of isolates.

Identification of stimuli that enhance human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) replication and reconstitution.

Unlabelled: Despite the availability of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) systems for human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A), reconstitution of infectious viruses is very challenging and time consuming. In this study, we developed approaches to improve the reconstitution process and enhance virus replication to overcome these technical challenges. Using dimethyl sulfoxide and exonuclease V, we significantly increased the efficiency of BAC transfections into JJHan T cells.

Molecular characterization, virulence and antimicrobial and biocidal susceptibility of selected bacteria isolated from the cloaca of nestling ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) from Mono Lake, California, USA.

In the present study, the presence of the Enterobacterales, Staphylococcus spp., Mammaliicoccus spp., and Enterococcus spp.

The genetic relationship between human and pet isolates: a core genome multilocus sequence analysis of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Introduction: The global increase of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) is one of the most urgent public health threats affecting both humans and animals. The One Health concept emphasizes the interconnectedness of human, animal and environmental health and highlights the need for integrated approaches to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Although the sharing of environments and antimicrobial agents between companion animals and humans poses a risk for MDRO transmission, companion animals have been studied to a lesser extent than livestock animals.

Gastrointestinal nematodes in German outdoor-reared pigs based on faecal egg count and next-generation sequencing nemabiome data.

Background: There is a higher risk for nematode infections associated with outdoor-reared pigs. Next to Ascaris suum, Oesophagostomum dentatum and Trichuris suis, there is the potential of infections with other nodular worm species, Hyostrongylus rubidus, Stongyloides ransomi and Metastrongylus spp. lungworms.

Third-generation cephalosporin resistant Escherichia coli in dogs and cats in Germany in 2019-2021.

Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a worldwide challenge, threatening global health. The objective of this research was to determine the 3rd generation cephalosporin resistance (3GCR) proportion in Escherichia (E.) coli isolated from clinical samples of dogs and cats in Germany.

Diversely evolved xibalbin variants from remipede venom inhibit potassium channels and activate PKA-II and Erk1/2 signaling.

Background: The identification of novel toxins from overlooked and taxonomically exceptional species bears potential for various pharmacological applications. The remipede Xibalbanus tulumensis, an underwater cave-dwelling crustacean, is the only crustacean for which a venom system has been described. Its venom contains several xibalbin peptides that have an inhibitor cysteine knot (ICK) scaffold.

Risk Communication on Zoonoses and Antimicrobial Resistance-How Do Exotic Pet Owners Perceive the Communication of Their Veterinarians?

Exotic animals traded and kept as pets can transmit a variety of diseases to humans and other animals, and vice versa. Therefore, it is essential for pet owners, particularly vulnerable groups, to be informed about associated risks. Veterinarians play a crucial role in informing pet owners about health risks associated with zoonotic pathogens and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and should, therefore, have good communication skills to effectively transfer information to pet owners.

Comparative Analysis of Methicillin-Resistant Prevalence and Resistance Patterns in Canine and Feline Clinical Samples: Insights from a Three-Year Study in Germany.

The emergence of methicillin-resistant (MRSP) presents a significant public health concern globally, particularly within veterinary medicine. MRSP's resistance to multiple antibiotics is limiting treatment options and potentially leading to severe infections in companion animals. This study aimed to understand antimicrobial resistance in dogs and cats, focusing on MRSP resistance patterns and its prevalence in Germany.

Comparison of morphological and molecular Strongylus spp. identification in equine larval cultures and first report of a patent Strongylus asini infection in a horse.

Background: Surveillance of Strongylus vulgaris and other Strongylus spp. in equids is important for targeted intervention in parasite control, requiring reliable routine diagnostic methods.

Objectives: Comparing morphological examination and PCR analyses of larval cultures to identify Strongylus spp.

Prevalence of MRSA in canine and feline clinical samples from one-third of veterinary practices in Germany from 2019-2021.

Background: MRSA is a major contributor to AMR-related deaths. The WHO's global action plan emphasizes a One Health approach, acknowledging the connection between humans and their companion animals. It is agreed on that comprehensive AMR surveillance is needed.

Unraveling the role of γδ T cells in the pathogenesis of an oncogenic avian herpesvirus.

Marek's disease virus (MDV) is an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that causes deadly lymphomas in chickens. In chickens, up to 50% of all peripheral T cells are gamma delta (γδ) T cells. Until now, their role in MDV pathogenesis and tumor formation remains poorly understood.

Fate of florfenicol and linezolid resistance genes and their bacterial hosts during two waste treatment models in swine feedlots.

Florfenicol resistance genes (FRGs) are widely present in livestock farms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the removal efficiencies of FRGs as well as the relationships between FRGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and bacterial communities during the natural drying (ND) and anaerobic digestion (AD) processes of manure treatment in swine farms by combining bacterial isolation, quantitative PCR and metagenomic approaches. Solid manure showed a higher abundance of FRGs than fresh manure and was the main contamination source of fexA and fexB in ND farms, whilst biogas slurry displayed a lower abundance of FRGs than the wastewater in AD farms.