Peripheral risk factors and their role in biomarker-based screening for dementia in the community.

Introduction: Peripheral risk factors (PRFs) may correlate with dementia plasma biomarkers, potentially reflecting peripheral rather than brain health. This study explores the associations between PRFs and plasma biomarkers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurofilament light chain (NfL), and total-tau, and their role in predicting future dementia.

Methods: Data from the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study (2002-2015) included 4353 participants mean age of 76.

Impact of Nonmedical Switches From Reference Infliximab to Biosimilars on Disease Control Within a Rheumatology Practice.

Infliximab is an anti-tumor necrosis factor agent used to treat rheumatologic disease. Evidence on the safety of switching to biosimilars and the associated risk factors for flares/loss of disease control within rheumatology is limited. The primary objective is to evaluate nonmedical switches from reference infliximab to biosimilars in rheumatology on risks and level of disease control.

Trans-Specific Polymorphisms Between Cryptic Daphnia Species Affect Fitness and Behavior.

Shared polymorphisms, loci with identical alleles across species, are of unique interest in evolutionary biology as they may represent cases of selection maintaining ancient genetic variation post-speciation, or contemporary selection promoting convergent evolution. In this study, we investigate the abundance of shared polymorphism between two members of the Daphnia pulex species complex. We test whether the presence of shared mutations is consistent with the action of balancing selection or alternative hypotheses such as hybridization, incomplete lineage sorting or convergent evolution.

Microglial cell proliferation is regulated, in part, by reactive astrocyte ETB signaling after ischemic stroke.

Reciprocal communication between reactive astrocytes and microglial cells provides local, coordinated control over critical processes such as neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, and scar formation after CNS injury, but is poorly understood. The vasoactive peptide hormone endothelin (ET) is released and/or secreted by endothelial cells, microglial cells and astrocytes early after ischemic stroke and other forms of brain injury. To better understand glial cell communication after stroke, we sought to identify paracrine effectors produced and secreted downstream of astroglial endothelin receptor B (ETB) signaling.

Disparities in mortality outcomes among older adults with communication disabilities using the National Health and Aging Trends Study.

Objective: To examine if a nationally representative population of older adults with communication disabilities (CDs) have a higher risk of mortality when compared to older adults without these disabilities, independent of sociodemographic, health, and other disability characteristics.

Design: Retrospective, cohort study. We conducted a survival analysis using multivariable Cox-proportional hazards regression, adjusting for sociodemographic, health, and other disability characteristics.

Contributing factors to the oxidation-induced mutational landscape in human cells.

8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) is a common oxidative DNA lesion that causes G > T substitutions. Determinants of local and regional differences in 8-oxoG-induced mutability across genomes are currently unknown. Here, we show DNA oxidation induces G > T substitutions and insertion/deletion (INDEL) mutations in human cells and cancers.

Artificial intelligence in emergency and trauma radiology: ASER AI/ML expert panel Delphi consensus statement on research guidelines, practices, and priorities.

Background: Emergency/trauma radiology artificial intelligence (AI) is maturing along all stages of technology readiness, with research and development (R&D) ranging from data curation and algorithm development to post-market monitoring and retraining.

Purpose: To develop an expert consensus document on best research practices and methodological priorities for emergency/trauma radiology AI.

Methods: A Delphi consensus exercise was conducted by the ASER AI/ML expert panel between 2022-2024.

Discovery of an Orally Efficacious Pyrazolo[3,4-]pyrimidine Benzoxaborole as a Potent Inhibitor of .

Cryptosporidiosis is a diarrheal disease caused by the parasite resulting in over 100,000 deaths annually. Here, we present a structure-activity relationship study of the benzoic acid position (R) of pyrazolo[3,4-]pyrimidine lead SLU-2815 (), an inhibitor of parasite phosphodiesterase PDE1, resulting in the discovery of benzoxaborole SLU-10906 () as a benzoic acid bioisostere. Benzoxaborole is 10-fold more potent than against the parasite in a cell-based infection model (EC = 0.

Another way? An investigation into an institution's use of the Wayson stain in re-evaluating "no organisms seen" on Gram stain smears from positive blood cultures.

Automated continuous monitoring blood culture instruments identify metabolism byproducts and flag blood culture bottles as "positive." A Gram stain is used to visualize and characterize the microbial growth in the broth and initiate additional testing. When no organisms are seen (NOS) on Gram stain, in our laboratory, bottles are reevaluated with a Wayson stain, a rapid one-step stain that provides contrast between organisms and the background, especially in Gram-negative organisms.

Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Agonists Reduce Cardiovascular Events in Cancer Patients on Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are associated with an increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists (GLP1a), initially developed for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have shown promising results in reducing cardiovascular events. We aimed to investigate the effect of GLP1a on cardiovascular events in patients receiving ICIs.

AAHPM Assessment Workgroup: Hospice and Palliative Medicine Fellowship Assessment Needs & Directions.

Context: Medical education is moving towards competency based medical education (CBME). This provides opportunities and challenges for the field of Hospice and Palliative Medicine (HPM). The American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine (AAHPM) created the Assessment Workgroup to spearhead a shared vision and process to implement high-quality assessment of fellow performance.

Approaches to ensure an equitable and fair admissions process for medical training.

There has been considerable discussion of how best to address racial and ethnic disparities in health outcomes, both globally and specifically in the United States. Increasing diversity among future clinicians and physician-scientists has been identified as a key strategy for addressing and correcting health disparities among underrepresented populations. Increasingly, medical schools, the institutions that train clinicians, have embraced the practice of holistic review for evaluating applicants and virtually all medical schools have reported contributing to a diverse physician workforce as an important aspect of their educational mission.

Oncologic outcomes for invasive squamous cell carcinoma with a clinically resolved biopsy site managed by watchful waiting: A retrospective cohort study.

Background: Treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma largely involves surgical excision. Few studies have examined oncologic outcomes of tumors managed by watchful waiting when the lesion appears resolved after the biopsy site has healed.

Objective: To describe oncologic outcomes for patients diagnosed with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma that was determined clinically resolved at follow-up and subsequently managed by watchful waiting.

Identifying therapeutic target for prostate cancer: exploring Diosmetin as a CYP inhibitor.

Prostate cancer is a prevalent and highly heterogeneous malignancy that affects men globally. Despite the availability of various treatment targets, Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes have gained significant attention due to their crucial role in metabolizing both endogenous and exogenous compounds. This study explores Diosmetin as a potential CYP antagonist for treating prostate cancer.

Air versus supplemental oxygen for resuscitation of term or late preterm infants at birth.

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: Primary objective To assess the benefits and harms of air compared with supplemental oxygen for resuscitation of term or late preterm infants at birth in reducing rates of mortality and long-term neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI). Secondary objectives To assess whether the benefits and harms of air compared with supplemental oxygen differ according to different oxygen concentrations, gestational age (GA), whether oxygen was titrated to saturation curves and the income of the study country.

Machine learning models for diagnosis and risk prediction in eating disorders, depression, and alcohol use disorder.

Background: Early diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses is hampered by the lack of reliable markers. This study used machine learning models to uncover diagnostic and risk prediction markers for eating disorders (EDs), major depressive disorder (MDD), and alcohol use disorder (AUD).

Methods: Case-control samples (aged 18-25 years), including participants with Anorexia Nervosa (AN), Bulimia Nervosa (BN), MDD, AUD, and matched controls, were used for diagnostic classification.

Intersection of Wildfire and Legacy Mining Poses Risks to Water Quality.

Mining and wildfires are both landscape disturbances that pose elevated and substantial hazards to water supplies and ecosystems due to increased erosion and transport of sediment, metals, and debris to downstream waters. The risk to water supplies may be amplified when these disturbances occur in the same watershed. This work describes mechanisms by which the intersection of mining and wildfire may lead to elevated metal concentrations in downstream waters: (1) conveyance of metal-rich ash and soil to surface waters, (2) increased dissolution and transport of dissolved metals due to direct contact of precipitation with mine waste, (3) increased erosion and transport of metal-rich sediment from mining waste, (4) remobilization of previously deposited metal-contaminated floodplain sediment by higher postfire flood flows, and (5) increased metal transport from underground mine workings.

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Outcomes of Neonates Born at Less Than 30 Weeks' Gestation, 2018-2022.

Importance: Previous research has examined outcomes among very preterm newborns by the birthing parent's race and ethnicity, but knowledge about these trends during the COVID-19 pandemic is limited.

Objective: To examine trends in outcomes among Black, Hispanic, and Asian preterm newborns compared with White preterm newborns.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cohort study (2018-2022) took place at 774 neonatal intensive care units in the Vermont Oxford Network.

Oscillometry reference values for children and adolescents.

Background: Oscillometry devices allow quantification of respiratory function at tidal breathing but device-specific reference equations are scarce: the present study aims to create sex-specific oscillometric reference values for children and adolescents using the Resmon PRO FULL device.

Methods: Healthy participants (n=981) aged 6 to 17 years of the Austrian LEAD general population cohort were included. Subjects had normal weight (body mass index ≤99th percentile) and normal lung volumes (total lung capacity (TLC) ≥ lower limit of normal).

Gut microbiota profiling in injection drug users with and without HIV-1 infection in Puerto Rico.

Introduction: The full extent of interactions between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, injection drug use, and the human microbiome is unclear. In this study, we examined the microbiomes of HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals, both drug-injecting and non-injecting, to identify bacterial community changes in response to HIV and drug use. We utilized a well-established cohort of people who inject drugs in Puerto Rico, a region with historically high levels of injection drug use and an HIV incidence rate disproportionately associated with drug use.