Molecular and phylogenetic analyses of the first complete genome sequence of Duck hepatitis A virus genotype 2 from India.

Duck viral hepatitis (DVH) caused by duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV) is a highly contagious and economically important disease of ducklings worldwide. In many parts of the globe, disease outbreaks are reported in spite of vaccinations, probably due to antigenic diversity among DHAV genotypes. We previously reported the first isolation of DHAV-2 (Genotype-2) from ducklings in Tamil Nadu, India.

Bluetongue Risk Map for Vaccination and Surveillance Strategies in India.

Bluetongue virus (BTV, : ) causes an economically important disease, namely, bluetongue (BT), in domestic and wild ruminants worldwide. BTV is endemic to South India and has occurred with varying severity every year since the virus was first reported in 1963. BT can cause high morbidity and mortality to sheep flocks in this region, resulting in serious economic losses to subsistence farmers, with impacts on food security.

Molecular evidence of porcine circovirus 3 infection in swine: first report in southern India.

The present study examined 434 field samples including serum (n = 273), swabs from natural orifices (n = 52) and postmortem tissue samples (n = 109) from both suspected and asymptomatic swine from Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana states in southern India. All the samples were processed for molecular screening of PCV3 by specific PCR assay. Overall molecular positivity rate of PCV3 was found to be 0.

Isolation and genetic analysis of Porcine circovirus 2 in southern India evidences high circulation of Porcine circovirus 2d genotype.

Background: Porcine circovirus 2 is globally noted swine pathogen with multiple genotypes associated with vast clinical and subclinical outcomes. This study aimed to isolate and characterize PCV2 genotypes circulating in southern states of India.

Methods And Results: A total of 434 field samples comprising of serum (n = 273), tissues (n = 109) and swabs (n = 52) collected from swine during 2019 to 2021 from southern states of India were screened for PCV2 by specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay.

Molecular detection of porcine parvovirus 1-associated reproductive failure in southern India.

This study used 56 aborted and stillborn fetuses from organized swine farms in Tamil Nadu and Kerala, southern states of India. All samples were screened by using a PCR assay that targets the NS1 gene for PPV. Furthermore, the PCR positive samples were subjected to amplification of the VP2 gene of PPV1 with designed primers and sequenced for further study.

Successful treatment of severe form of bovine tropical theileriosis in dairy cattle and genotyping of Theileria annulata isolates of Tamil Nadu, India.

Bovine tropical theileriosis (BTT) is a tick-borne protozoan disease of cattle and responsible for major economic losses to the dairy farmers in India. This report describes diagnosis, genotyping and successful treatment of heavy infection of Theileria annulata in an organized dairy farm at Kattupakkam, Chennai. Four cross bred cows of 2 to 5 years of age showed clinical signs i.

Emergence of novel Porcine circovirus 2 genotypes in Southern India.

A total of 200 samples from Porcine circovirus 2 suspected (n = 112) and healthy (n = 88) swine populations collected from different districts of Tamil Nadu, south India were used in this study. The samples comprising of serum (n = 124), swabs from natural orifices (n = 52), and postmortem tissues (n = 24). All the samples were processed and subjected to the screening and detection of the PCV2 genome by a specific PCR assay.

Probiotics mediated gut microbiota diversity shifts are associated with reduction in histopathology and shedding of Lawsonia intracellularis.

Background: Clinical intervention during bacterial infections in farm animals such as pigs commonly includes the use of antimicrobials. With the rise of antimicrobial resistance and the attempts to reduce the use of antibiotics in food animals, effective alternatives are urgently needed to reduce or even remove pathogens and disease risks. Improving clinical outcomes and overall pig health by using probiotics appears attractive.

Future perspectives on swine viral vaccines: where are we headed?

Deliberate infection of humans with smallpox, also known as variolation, was a common practice in Asia and dates back to the fifteenth century. The world's first human vaccination was administered in 1796 by Edward Jenner, a British physician. One of the first pig vaccines, which targeted the bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, was introduced in 1883 in France by Louis Pasteur.

Porcine circoviruses: current status, knowledge gaps and challenges.

Circoviruses (CV) include some of the smallest viruses known. They were named after their circularly arranged single-stranded DNA genome with a gene encoding a conserved replicase protein on the sense strand. Circoviruses are widely distributed in mammals, fish, avian species and even insects.

Insecticidal effects of deltamethrin in laboratory and field populations of Culicoides species: how effective are host-contact reduction methods in India?

Background: Bluetongue virus (BTV) is transmitted by Culicoides biting midges and causes bluetongue (BT), a clinical disease observed primarily in sheep. BT has a detrimental effect on subsistence farmers in India, where hyperendemic outbreaks impact on smallholdings in the southern states of the country. In this study, we establish a reliable method for testing the toxic effects of deltamethrin on Culicoides and then compare deltamethrin with traditional control methods used by farmers in India.

Occurrence of Bluetongue in ruminants in Tamil Nadu, South India.

Tamil Nadu is located in the South-Eastern part of Indian peninsula, between 8.087° and 13.09°N and 76.

DNA barcoding and surveillance sampling strategies for Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in southern India.

Background: Culicoides spp. biting midges transmit bluetongue virus (BTV), the aetiological agent of bluetongue (BT), an economically important disease of ruminants. In southern India, hyperendemic outbreaks of BT exert high cost to subsistence farmers in the region, impacting on sheep production.

Effect of tuftsin on embryo vaccination with Newcastle disease virus vaccine.

The effect of tuftsin of embryo and post-hatch vaccination with NDV-F was studied. The embryo vaccination with NDV-F resulted in more number of dead-in-shell embryos. To overcome this problem, the vaccine was treated separately with ethyl methane sulfate (EMS) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and administered.

Nucleotide sequence analysis of the L1 loop variable region of hexon gene of fowl adenovirus 4 isolates from India.

Three fowl adenovirus 4 (FAV4) isolates from chicken and one from quail, all from Tamil Nadu, India were analyzed. The L1 loop variable region of hexon gene of these isolates was amplified by PCR and sequenced. The nucleotide sequences (442 bp) and deduced amino acid sequences of the four isolates were compared with those of other isolates of FAV4.

Rapid serological profiling by an immunocomb-based dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent test for three major poultry diseases.

An immunocomb-based dot-ELISA, employing specially designed apparatus, was used to measure the antibody status for the three major poultry diseases--Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease and infectious bronchitis--in single test sera. Positive samples could be classified into strong, moderate and weak positives by comparison with the colour reaction given by known strong and weak positive serum controls. The simultaneous dot-immunobinding assay gave reproducible results and allowed considerable savings on the cost of reagents compared to liquid ELISA.