Comparing energy system optimization models and integrated assessment models: Relevance for energy policy advice.

Background: The transition to a climate neutral society such as that envisaged in the European Union Green Deal requires careful and comprehensive planning. Integrated assessment models (IAMs) and energy system optimisation models (ESOMs) are both commonly used for policy advice and in the process of policy design. In Europe, a vast landscape of these models has emerged and both kinds of models have been part of numerous model comparison and model linking exercises.

Spread in climate policy scenarios unravelled.

Analysis of climate policy scenarios has become an important tool for identifying mitigation strategies, as shown in the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Working Group III report. The key outcomes of these scenarios differ substantially not only because of model and climate target differences but also because of different assumptions on behavioural, technological and socio-economic developments. A comprehensive attribution of the spread in climate policy scenarios helps policymakers, stakeholders and scientists to cope with large uncertainties in this field.

Vascular Cognitive Impairment and cognitive decline; a longitudinal study comparing different types of vascular brain injury - The TRACE-VCI study.

Background: Little is known about the trajectories of cognitive decline in relation to different types of vascular brain injury in patients presenting at a memory clinic with Vascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI).

Methods: We included 472 memory clinic patients (age 68 (±8.2) years, 44% female, MMSE 25.

Sex differences in memory clinic patients with possible vascular cognitive impairment.

Introduction: We aimed to establish sex differences in vascular brain damage of memory clinic patients with possible vascular cognitive impairment (VCI).

Methods: A total of 860 memory clinic patients (aged 67.7 ± 8.

Prediction of poor clinical outcome in vascular cognitive impairment: TRACE-VCI study.

Introduction: Prognostication in memory clinic patients with vascular brain injury (eg possible vascular cognitive impairment [VCI]) is often uncertain. We created a risk score to predict poor clinical outcome.

Methods: Using data from two longitudinal cohorts of memory clinic patients with vascular brain injury without advanced dementia, we created (n = 707) and validated (n = 235) the risk score.

[Student-driven education; catalyst of change in medical curriculum].

Changing healthcare requires future physicians to have some basic knowledge of fields related to medicine. There is also a growing need for multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary education in the basic medical curriculum. The basic curriculum is currently being revised on the national level, but this is taking a long time.

[The pendulum, the gap, and the clinic. Leendert Bouman (1869-1936) and the 'psychological turn' in Dutch psychiatry].

In recent historical literature, the Dutch psychiatrist Leendert Bouman (1869-1936) is named 'the godfather of psychological psychiatry'. He is regarded as one of the exponents of a shift or 'pendulum' movement from a biological-materialistic to a psychological, phenomenological orientation in the Dutch psychiatry of the Interbellum. As a professor of the orthodox calvinist Vrije Universiteit of Amsterdam, he explicitly opposed a 'soul-less', biological-reductionist psychiatry.

Temperature effect on the sulfur isotope fractionation during sulfate reduction by two strains of the hyperthermophilic Archaeoglobus fulgidus.

Sulfur isotope fractionation during dissimilatory sulfate reduction by two strains of the thermophilic archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus (strains VC-16 and Z) was explored over the entire temperature range of growth. The optimal cell-specific sulfate reduction rate (14 fmol cell(-1) h(-1)) was found at 82-84 degrees C but growth was measured as low as 54 degrees C. The fractionation ranged between 0.

A novel class of clathrin-coated vesicles budding from endosomes.

Clathrin-coated vesicles transport selective integral membrane proteins from the plasma membrane to endosomes and from the TGN to endosomes. Recycling of proteins from endosomes to the plasma membrane occurs via unidentified vesicles. To study this pathway, we used a novel technique that allows for the immunoelectron microscopic examination of transferrin receptor-containing endosomes in nonsectioned cells.