Formation of I+III supercomplex rescues respiratory chain defects.

Mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes partition between free complexes and quaternary assemblies known as supercomplexes (SCs). However, the physiological requirement for SCs and the mechanisms regulating their formation remain controversial. Here, we show that genetic perturbations in mammalian ETC complex III (CIII) biogenesis stimulate the formation of a specialized extra-large SC (SC-XL) with a structure of I+III, resolved at 3.

Clec12a controls colitis by tempering inflammation and restricting expansion of specific commensals.

Microbiota composition regulates colitis severity, yet the innate immune mechanisms that control commensal communities and prevent disease remain unclear. We show that the innate immune receptor, Clec12a, impacts colitis severity by regulating microbiota composition. Transplantation of microbiota from a Clec12a animal is sufficient to worsen colitis in wild-type mice.

Development and validation of an algorithm to better identify pregnant women with inherited bleeding disorders within electronic health records.

Background: When using electronic health records (EHRs) to conduct population-based studies on inherited bleeding disorders (IBDs), using diagnosis codes alone results in a high number of false positive identifications.

Objective: The objective of this study was to develop and validate an algorithm that uses multiple data elements of EHRs to identify pregnant women with IBDs.

Methods: The population included pregnant women who had at least one live birth or fetal death (>20 weeks gestation) at our institution from 2016 to 2023.

Effects of fire recurrence and severity on Mediterranean vegetation dynamics: Implications for structure and composition in southern Spain.

Most Mediterranean ecosystems have been profoundly shaped by wildfires, driving the evolution of plant species. Through photo interpretation and field inventories, this research assessed vegetation dynamics from 1984 to 2021, examining how fire severity and recurrence, key fire regime variables, influenced changes in structure and woody species diversity. Using two burn scars (1988 and 2006), we identified four scenarios dominated by Pinus pinea tree species: control (unburned), areas burned once (either in 1988 or 2006), and twice (in both 1988 and 2006).

A New Way Forward for Women's Health Research at the National Institutes of Health: A Roadmap From the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Consensus Report.

Despite efforts to address inequities, research on women's health conditions (defined as those that uniquely or differently affect women and female individuals) remain significantly understudied. As directed by Congress, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Research on Women's Health requested the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (National Academies) to conduct an assessment of the state of women's health research at the NIH. The findings of the National Academies committee include: 1) a significant funding inequity, with less than 8% of the total NIH grant budget for fiscal year 2023 allocated to women's health research; 2) a need for improved strategic NIH-wide priority setting, oversight, and adherence to existing policies to support women's health research; 3) a need for a specific institute for research on conditions specific to women's health; and 4) a need for sufficient training and additional funding to grow and retain the women's health research workforce.

Parallel Temperature Replica-Exchange Molecular Dynamics Simulations Capture the Observed Impact of Stapling on Coiled-Coil Conformational Stability.

Macrocyclization or stapling is an important strategy for increasing the conformational stability and target-binding affinity of peptides and proteins, especially in therapeutic contexts. Atomistic simulations of such stapled peptides and proteins could help rationalize existing experimental data and provide predictive tools for the design of new stapled peptides and proteins. Standard approaches exist for incorporating nonstandard amino acids and functional groups into the force fields required for MD simulations and have been used in the context of stapling for more than a decade.

Germline and Somatic Genomic Testing for Metastatic Prostate Cancer: ASCO Guideline.

Purpose: To evaluate evidence on germline and somatic genomic testing for patients with metastatic prostate cancer and provide recommendations.

Methods: A systematic review by a multidisciplinary panel with patient representation was conducted. The PubMed database was searched from January 2018 to May 2024.

Parallel gene expansions drive rapid dietary adaptation in herbivorous woodrats.

How mammalian herbivores evolve to feed on chemically defended plants remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the adaptation of two species of woodrats ( and ) to creosote bush (), a toxic shrub that expanded across the southwestern United States after the Last Glacial Maximum. We found that creosote-adapted woodrats have elevated gene dosage across multiple biotransformation enzyme families.

Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in five US jurisdictions: Comparison of Delta and Omicron variants.

Households are a significant source of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, even during periods of low community-level spread. Comparing household transmission rates by SARS-CoV-2 variant may provide relevant information about current risks and prevention strategies. This investigation aimed to estimate differences in household transmission risk comparing the SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants using data from contact tracing and interviews conducted from November 2021 through February 2022 in five U.

Anatomic Approach to Fetal Hydrocephalus.

Hydrocephalus is an imprecise term and refers to the imbalance of brain parenchyma and cerebral spinal fluid in the cranial vault. Ventriculomegaly, or enlargement of the ventricular system, is often the more precise term and is therefore preferred. Appropriate imaging and measurement techniques are critical to detect ventriculomegaly and grade its severity.

Ribosome customization and functional diversification among P-stalk proteins regulate late poxvirus protein synthesis.

Growing evidence suggests that ribosomes selectively regulate translation of specific mRNA subsets. Here, quantitative proteomics and cryoelectron microscopy demonstrate that poxvirus infection does not alter ribosomal subunit protein (RP) composition but skews 40S rotation states and displaces the 40S head domain. Genetic knockout screens employing metabolic assays and a dual-reporter virus further identified two RPs that selectively regulate non-canonical translation of late poxvirus mRNAs, which contain unusual 5' poly(A) leaders: receptor of activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) and RPLP2.

Children's executive functioning and health behaviors across pediatric life stages and ecological contexts.

Executive functioning (EF) has been linked to chronic disease risk in children. Health behaviors are thought to partially explain this association. The current cross-sectional study evaluated specific domains of EF and varied health behaviors in three pediatric life stages.

The association between skin allergy testing and oral squamous cell carcinoma in oral lichen planus: a retrospective cohort study.

There is a reported association between oral contact allergy and oral lichen planus (OLP). Likewise oral squamous cell carcinoma (oSCC) is associated with OLP. It is hypothesized that chronic inflammation may contribute to oSCC risk.

Sociodemographic Differences Impact the Perceived Importance of Social Communication and Interaction Behaviors.

The evaluation of social communication and interaction (SC/I) behaviors is foundational to the autism identification process. However, this type of evaluation is made difficult by the fact that SC/I is a construct in which perceptions and expectations are largely influenced by norms and attitudes of different sociodemographic groups. While there are many factors that influence differences in SC/I behaviors across sociodemographic groups, one factor that may be especially important is the perceived value of these behaviors.

Riluzole is associated with reduced risk of heart failure.

Background: Reduction of intracellular Na accumulation through late Na current inhibition has been recognized as a target for cardiac Ca handling which underlies myocardial contractility and relaxation in heart failure (HF). Riluzole, an Na channel blocker with enhancement of Ca-activated K channel function, used for management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is effective in suppressing Ca leak and therefore may improve cardiac function.

Objectives: The study aim was to investigate whether riluzole lowers HF incidence.

Performance of the High-STEACS Early Rule Out Pathway Using hs-cTnT at 30 Days in a Multisite US Cohort.

Background: The High-STEACS (High-Sensitivity Troponin in the Evaluation of Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome) pathway risk stratifies emergency department patients with possible acute coronary syndrome. This study aims to determine if the High-STEACS hs-cTnT (high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T) pathway can achieve the ≥99% negative predictive value (NPV) safety threshold for 30-day cardiac death or myocardial infarction (CDMI) in a multisite US cohort of patients with and without known coronary artery disease (CAD).

Methods: A secondary analysis of the STOP-CP (High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T [Gen 5 STAT Assay] to Optimize Chest Pain Risk Stratification) cohort, which enrolled adult emergency department patients with possible acute coronary syndrome at 8 US sites (January 25, 2017-September 6, 2018).

Clinical Characteristics and Prevalence of Atrial High-Rate Episodes in Patients With Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices.

Background Atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) detected by cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) are indicative of future clinical atrial fibrillation (AF) and stroke risk. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of AHREs among Thai patients with CIED implantation and identify associated risk factors. Methods A retrospective observational study enrolled 278 CIED patients with AHREs lasting five minutes to 24 hours, with an average atrial rate ≥ 175 bpm, excluding known clinical AF at device implantation.

Is endometriosis typology a potentially better classification system for assessing risk of female infertility?

Objective: To determine whether endometriosis typology, namely ovarian endometriomas (OE), deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE), or superficial endometriosis (SE), correlates with fertility history.

Design: Prospective cohort.

Setting: One of fourteen surgical centers in Salt Lake City, Utah (n = 5) or San Francisco, California (n = 9).

Examining the Prevalence of Sports-Related Injuries in Collegiate Baseball Players.

Background: Sports-related injuries remain a significant problem for collegiate baseball players. Although some studies reported the epidemiology of sports-related injuries among collegiate baseball players, the latest information on sport-related injuries should be provided.

Purpose: To examine the current trends of sports-related injuries among collegiate baseball players in the Pacific 12 (PAC-12) Conference.

Prevention and Management of Infectious Complications in Pediatric Patients With Cancer: A Survey Assessment of Current Practices Across Children's Oncology Group Institutions.

Introduction: While clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for pediatric oncology infection prophylaxis and management exist, few data describe actual management occurring at pediatric oncology centers.

Methods: An electronic survey querying infection management practices in nontransplant pediatric oncology patients was iteratively created by the Children's Oncology Group (COG) Cancer Control and Supportive Care Infectious Diseases Subcommittee and sent to leaders at all COG institutions, limiting each site to one response to represent their institution.

Results: The response rate was 57% (129/227 institutions).

Eosinophilic Esophagitis-Related Food Impaction: Distinct Demographics, Interventions, and Promising Predictive Models.

Background: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an increasingly common cause of food impaction.

Aims: This study aims to provide a nationwide analysis of food impaction in patients with or without EoE diagnosis, concentrating on patient demographics, interventions, outcomes, and development of predictive machine-learning models.

Methods: A retrospective assessment was conducted using Nationwide Emergency Department Sample data from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2019.

Updated Appropriate Use Criteria for Amyloid and Tau PET: A Report from the Alzheimer's Association and Society for Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Workgroup.

The Alzheimer's Association and the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging convened a multidisciplinary workgroup to update appropriate use criteria (AUC) for amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) and to develop AUC for tau PET. The workgroup identified key research questions that guided a systematic literature review on clinical amyloid/tau PET. Building on this review, the workgroup developed 17 clinical scenarios in which amyloid or tau PET may be considered.

Impact of Locum Tenens Providers on Delivery of Pediatric Surgical Care.

Introduction: We sought to understand the impact of locum tenens surgeons on pediatric surgical care delivery.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of Children's Hospital Association pediatric surgical practices. Anonymous electronic surveys were used to investigate locum tenens utilization, primary reason for use, limitations on clinical activities, and variations in practice standards or quality.