Enuresis--background and treatment.

Nocturnal urinary continence is dependent on 3 factors: 1) nocturnal urine production, 2) nocturnal bladder function and 3) sleep and arousal mechanisms. Any child will suffer from nocturnal enuresis if more urine is produced than can be contained in the bladder or if the detrusor is hyperactive, provided that he or she is not awakened by the imminent bladder contraction. Urine production is regulated by fluid intake and several interrelated renal, hormonal and neural factors, foremost of which are vasopressin, renin, angiotensin and the sympathetic nervous system.

Cataracts after autologous bone marrow transplantation in children.

We recorded the incidence and degree of posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) in 29 children who had undergone autologous (n = 28) or syngeneic (n = 1) bone marrow transplantation (BMT) due to haematologic or lymphoid malignancy. Conditioning prior to transplantation consisted either of a combination of chemotherapy and total body irradiation (TBI) (n = 21) or of chemotherapy only (n = 8). TBI was given in one fraction of 7.

Heart risk associated with weight loss in anorexia nervosa and eating disorders: electrocardiographic changes during the early phase of refeeding.

Refeeding syndromes with electrolyte aberrations, heart failure and arrhythmias may complicate the nutritional rehabilitation of emaciated patients with eating disorders. Therefore, electrocardiographic (ECG) changes and changes in serum electrolyte concentrations following refeeding were studied in 37 admissions of 32 teenage girls with eating disorders. On admission they were all on a weight-losing course and weighed 37.

Can severe language disability be identified in three-year-olds? Evaluation of a routine screening procedure.

This study evaluates the predictability of a new language screening procedure in 3-y-olds. It is used in several Child Health Centres (CHC) in Sweden and has the character of a field study involving more than 60 CHC nurses. The main questions concern the (i) development in 3-y-olds assessed as severely language delayed and (ii) whether there are any earlier unknown severely disabled children identified at 4 y of age.

A microdeletion in 19q13.2 associated with mental retardation, skeletal malformations, and Diamond-Blackfan anaemia suggests a novel contiguous gene syndrome.

Diamond-Blackfan anaemia (DBA) is a constitutional red blood cell hypoplasia which may be associated with a variety of developmental abnormalities. A gene for DBA was recently mapped to chromosome 19q13.2 and subsequently cloned.

Midazolam nasal spray reduces procedural anxiety in children.

Objective: Anxiety and pain even in minor procedures are still great problems in pediatrics, not least in pediatric oncology. Conscious sedation is indicated when other means to overcome a child's fear fail. The aim of this study was to investigate whether intranasal administration of midazolam given before insertion of a needle in a subcutaneously implanted central venous port could reduce anxiety, discomfort, pain, and procedure problems.

Desmopressin resistant enuresis: pathogenetic and therapeutic considerations.

Purpose: We tested the role of the bladder in the pathogenesis of desmopressin resistant enuresis by evaluating the influence of urine production on the timing of the enuretic event and the response to anticholinergic medication.

Materials And Methods: We gave 33 children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis resistant to the standard 0.4 mg.

Speech and language skills in children who required neonatal intensive care: evaluation at 6.5 y of age based on interviews with parents.

Speech and language skills at 6.5 y of age were studied in a follow-up of a cohort of children who had required neonatal intensive care (NIC) at Uppsala University Children's Hospital. An interview with the parents indicated that preterm and full-term NIC children were older than control children when they reached certain stages in language development (short sentences, intelligible speech).

A model for combined assessment of motor performance and behaviour in 3-year-old children.

This paper presents a new model for combined assessment of motor performance and behaviour (CAMPB) in 3-year-old children. It is intended for simultaneous use with a scale for assessment of motor-perceptual development. The child's performance is observed and compared with detailed descriptions of performance in gross and fine motor functions, and descriptions of coordination, attention and social behaviour, included in a protocol.

Short-term outcome of perinatal care in a Swedish county. Mortality, neonatal intensive care and overall evaluation of neuromotor function at 0-10 months of corrected age in preterm and term infants.

Improvements in obstetrical and neonatal care during the last decades have led to a marked increase in survival rate of preterm and term infants. In order to study the short- and long-term outcome in infants who survived neonatal intensive care (NIC) and were born in the county of Uppsala between January 1st 1986 and April 30th 1989, a prospective long-term follow-up study was conducted. Epidemiological data on all infants born in the county during the study period and the short-term outcome, measured as overall neuromotor function at term and at 2, 4, 6 and 10 months of corrected age in 245 infants surviving NIC and 72 healthy control infants are presented.

Speech and language skills in children who required neonatal intensive care. II. Linguistic skills at 6 1/2 years of age.

Linguistic skills at 6 1/2 y of age were examined in a cohort of 284 children requiring neonatal intensive care (NIC) and in 40 controls. Ten linguistic areas were assessed. The results are presented for gestational age groups.

Heart risk associated with weight loss in anorexia nervosa and eating disorders: risk factors for QTc interval prolongation and dispersion.

Risk factors for QTc interval prolongation and dispersion, indicators of an increased risk for cardiac arrhythmia and sudden death, have been investigated in patients with eating disorders (ED) and ongoing weight loss. Patients were characterized with regard to weight, body mass index (BMI; weight/length2), duration of weight loss, rate of weight loss and rate of weight loss immediately preceding examination. At examination, a 12-lead electrocardiographic (ECG) registration and blood samples for analysis of serum electrolytes were obtained.

Myocardial function after autologous bone marrow transplantation in children: a prospective long-term study.

Early cardiac complications after autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) were recorded for 49 children with haematological malignancies. There was no procedure-related mortality and only two cases of early post-transplant cardiac complications of clinical relevance, both of which were reversible. For 35 long-time survivors (median follow-up 7 y) serial evaluations before and after ABMT included ECG, chest radiography, echocardiography and equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography (RVG).

Growth hormone treatment in young children with Down's syndrome: effects on growth and psychomotor development.

Background: Learning disability and short stature are cardinal signs of Down's syndrome. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), regulated by growth hormone (GH) from about 6 months of age, may be involved in brain development.

Aims: To study long term effects of GH on linear growth and psychomotor development in young children with Down's syndrome.

Osmoregulation and desmopressin pharmacokinetics in enuretic children.

Objective: The aim was to compare responders and nonresponders to antienuretic treatment with desmopressin with respect to pharmacokinetics and renal effects of the drug.

Methods: Twelve children, aged 7.6 to 16.

Stargardt disease: linkage to the ABCR gene region on 1p21-p22 in Scandinavian families.

Unlabelled: Stargardt disease (STGD) or fundus flavimaculatus (FFM) is one of the most frequent causes of macular degeneration in childhood. The disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and the corresponding gene has been localized to chromosome 1p21-22 and subsequently identified as the ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCR) gene.

Purpose: To characterize Finnish and Swedish STGD families genetically, with special reference to chromosome region 1p21-22.

Thyroid dysfunction in Down's syndrome: relation to age and thyroid autoimmunity.

Background: The prevalence of thyroid disease is increased in Down's syndrome. Most available data come from cross sectional studies.

Aims: To study longitudinally thyroid function in patients with Down's syndrome in Uppsala county (85 patients) up to the age of 25 years.

Boy with an interstitial 1q (q31q41) duplication confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridisation.

A 20-year-old man with multiple anomalies caused by a de novo duplication of the long arm of chromosome 1 is presented. The patient suffers from severe mental retardation, epilepsy, bronchial stenosis, and minor anomalies (e.g.

Identification of microdeletions spanning the Diamond-Blackfan anemia locus on 19q13 and evidence for genetic heterogeneity.

Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a rare pure red-cell hypoplasia of unknown etiology and pathogenesis. A major DBA locus has previously been localized to chromosome 19q13.2.

Utilization of Child Health Services during the first 18 months of life: aspects of health surveillance in Swedish preschool children based on information in health records.

The aim of this study was to evaluate some aspects of care given within the preventive Child Health Services (CHS) during the first 18 months of life. A national random sample performed on child health records of 172 Swedish preschool children born between 1982 and 1987 was analysed regarding services recorded as having been provided and used within and beyond the national programme of health surveillance. Most families had made visits within the core programme of health surveillance to an optimal or at least sufficient extent.

Is growth hormone hypersecretion in diabetic adolescent girls also a daytime problem?

Objectives: Glycaemic control often deteriorates during puberty in girls with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). This may be due in part to the normal psychosocial changes associated with adolescence. Puberty is, however, also characterized by rapid somatic development, orchestrated by hormonal changes.

Effect of glucagon on glucose production, lipolysis, and gluconeogenesis in familial hyperinsulinism.

We present an infant with severe familial hyperinsulinism in whom glucose production rate, lipolysis, and gluconeogenesis from glycerol were measured by use of glucose and glycerol labelled with stable isotopes. Administration of a single dose of glucagon (0.1 mg/kg) caused an increase in glucose production rate by near 140% from 4.

Speech and language skills in children who required neonatal intensive care. I. Spontaneous speech at 6.5 years of age.

Spontaneous speech at age 6.5 years was studied separately in a follow-up of speech and language skills in a regional cohort of 284 children requiring neonatal intensive care and in 40 controls. Eight aspects of spontaneous speech were evaluated in a conversation: A1, information; A2, speech motor function; A3, sound pattern; A4, word finding; A5, word selection; A6, grammar; A7, interaction; and A8, motivation.