Energy costs of walking on a dual-action treadmill in men and women.

The physiological responses of normal walking and walking on a dual action treadmill which incorporates arm exercise were compared in 29 men and 37 women. Subjects completed six, 5-min steady-state exercises at 2.0, 3.

Effect of stepping rate on energy costs during StairMaster exercise.

The responses to a self-selected stepping pattern (random) on a StairMaster 4000PT were compared with those obtained in response to the rates established by the manufacturer (cadence) in men (N = 14) and women (N = 14). During the random test the subjects stepped at their own natural, self-selected rate and distance. In cadence trial the subjects were required to step in time with a metronome at a predetermined rates of 60, 77, 95, and 112 steps.

A review of the literature related to trunk muscle performance.

In the past, there has been no comprehensive review of the literature pertaining to different methods of assessing trunk muscle strength. This review describes the different studies that have been performed, and determines the hierarchy of strength values and agonist/antagonist strength ratios for the trunk musculature. In general, the strength hierarchy consists of, from strongest to weakest: extension, flexion, side bending, and rotation.