A Modified Delphi Process to Achieve Consensus on Social/Administrative Science Topics in Pharmacy Curricula.

Objective: To identify a consensus among pharmacy educators regarding relevant social/administrative science (SAS) topic areas and their priorities within pharmacy curricula.

Methods: A modified Delphi process was conducted with members of selected American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) affinity groups as the expert panel. Eighty-three potential topic areas across 12 domains were gathered via an informal literature review.

Description of a Longitudinal Interprofessional Education Plan and Outcomes From an Inaugural Student Cohort.

Objective: To describe a longitudinal interprofessional education (IPE) plan at 1 school of pharmacy including inaugural student cohort outcomes.

Methods: Standards 2016 prompted the creation of an IPE task force at the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy to develop and implement an IPE plan consisting of outcome-based goals, a deliberate design, and a formalized assessment strategy (an approach that inspired national consensus guidance from the Health Professions Accreditors Collaborative). Beginning with the 2022 graduating class, required interprofessional learning activities were embedded longitudinally across a 4-year Doctor of Pharmacy program and included classroom-, simulation-, and clinical-based IPE activities.

Effectiveness of a Mobile App (Meds@HOME) to Improve Medication Safety for Children With Medical Complexity: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: This study will pilot-test the mobile app, Medication Safety @HOME-Meds@HOME intervention to improve medication administration accuracy, reduce preventable adverse drug events, and ultimately improve chronic care management for children with medical complexity (CMC). The Meds@HOME app was co-designed with CMC families, secondary caregivers (SCGs), and health professionals to support medication management for primary caregivers (PCGs) and SCGs of CMC. We hypothesize that Meds@HOME will improve caregivers' medication administration accuracy, reduce preventable adverse drug events, and ultimately improve chronic care management.

Assessment of Patient Care Activities and Readiness for Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences in Revised Third-Year Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experiences.

Objective: To quantify the impact of a revised third-year (P3) introductory pharmacy practice experience (IPPE) curriculum on student opportunities for direct patient care and to evaluate student and preceptor perceptions of advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) readiness.

Methods: An intentional, structured curriculum redesign shifted 50 IPPE hours from each of the first- and second-years into the P3 year. A survey was developed and administered to students in the graduating classes of 2023 (original curriculum) and 2024 (revised curriculum) at the end of their first APPE rotation.

Preceptor Feedback on Utilization and Pre-APPE Performance Expectations of Pharmacy Practice Skills.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the frequency with which preceptors perform skills in their practice setting and the degree of competency that preceptors expect from students to perform those skills upon starting their advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs).

Methods: A survey assessing skill utilization and expected pre-APPE student competency level upon entry to APPEs was developed by pharmacy practice faculty and distributed to preceptors. Preceptors were asked to rank their utilization of skills and expected pre-APPE student competency of each skill.

Rational Redesign of an Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experience Curriculum.

Objective: To utilize a process to identify strengths and weaknesses of an introductory pharmacy practice experience (IPPE) curriculum from stakeholder perspectives and undergo IPPE curricular revision.

Methods: An IPPE curriculum redesign taskforce was created, and a 5-step systematic quality improvement process was developed and applied to redesign an IPPE curriculum. The steps were to identify existing curriculum challenges and strengths, determine potential solutions to challenges, redesign IPPE curricular structure, obtain stakeholder input and support, and redesign IPPE content.

The lost art of intergenerational mentorship in health services research and teaching in pharmacy: The CRoME lab example.

Introduction: Intergenerational mentorship (IM) promotes collaborative learning while challenging traditional hierarchies by promoting bidirectional knowledge exchange between experienced professionals and students. The IM model emphasizes "reverse mentoring" to foster relationships based on respect, responsibility, reciprocity, and resiliency while enhancing education and mentorship quality in the pharmacy and health services research.

Perspective: The Collaborative Research on Medication use & family health (CRoME) Lab at the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy showcases intergenerational mentorship in health services research in pharmacy.

The potential influence of estrogen-containing oral contraception on clozapine metabolism in a patient with known pharmacogenomic status.

Clozapine is primarily metabolized via cytochrome P450(CYP)1A2 and to a lesser extent CYP3A4, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6. Metabolic inhibitors of clozapine, such as fluvoxamine and ciprofloxacin, are important to recognize to avoid adverse drug events. Estrogen-containing oral contraceptives (eOCPs) are weaker CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 inhibitors but are associated with a 2-fold increase of clozapine concentrations.

Evaluation of Gram Stain-Guided Antibiotic Therapy for Methicillin-Resistant Pneumonia in Intensive Care Unit Patients.

Despite high negative predictive values (NPVs) seen with methicillin-resistant (MRSA) nares polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, utilization of both respiratory sample Gram stain and MRSA nares PCR in patients with pneumonia may contribute to overuse of laboratory resources. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if a Gram stain demonstrating no Gram-positive organisms from a respiratory sample is sufficient to allow for de-escalation of vancomycin therapy. This single center study retrospectively identified intensive care unit (ICU) patients started on vancomycin for presumed pneumonia at University of Wisconsin (UW) Health in Madison, WI between August 2022 and March 2023.

Finding value in novel antibiotics: How can infectious diseases adopt incremental cost-effectiveness to improve new antibiotic utilization?

Research and development of innovative antimicrobials is paramount to addressing the antimicrobial resistance threat. Although antimicrobial discovery and development has increased, difficulties have emerged in the pharmaceutical industry after market approval. In this minireview, we summarize clinical trial data on recently approved antibiotics, calculate incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) values, and explore ways to adapt ICER calculations to the limitations of antimicrobial clinical trial design.

Student Pharmacist Led Fish Oil Deprescribing Initiative at a Veterans Affairs Hospital and Rural Clinics.

Polypharmacy impacts one-third of older adults and has been shown to lead to adverse health effects. One contributor to polypharmacy includes omega-3 fatty acid (fish oil) due to the lack of evidence supporting clinical benefit. Pharmacists can identify and reduce polypharmacy, inspiring this student led deprescribing initiative to introduce a standard of care process for deprescribing fish oil.

A Call to Action for Integrating Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experiences With Purpose.

Introductory pharmacy practice experiences (IPPEs) are essential to exposing students to contemporary pharmacy practice and promoting advanced pharmacy practice experience readiness. An IPPE curriculum should be sequenced and progressive, with IPPE experiences built upon each other and coordinated with the didactic curriculum. Pharmacy programs are faced with several internal and external challenges that can influence the design and implementation of their IPPE curriculum.

From Desegregation and Integration to Diversity and Inclusion: The Environment Was Just Ice.

The process of desegregation at Southern schools of pharmacy was long and arduous. Despite persistent protests, struggles, and lawsuits, many schools of pharmacy did not graduate their first Black students until the 1970s. The School of Pharmacy at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill unintentionally desegregated in 1962 when its first Black student, William Wicker, was inadvertently admitted.

Report of the 2023 AACP Council of Deans Taskforce on Pharmacy Research and Scholarship.

Objective: The objective of this review is to provide the conclusions from the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) Council of Deans (COD) Taskforce on Research and Scholarship.

Findings: The charges and the findings of the committee are: (1) Define the scholarship needs/opportunities to strengthen the outputs. The committee recommends that AACP update its definitions of research/scholarship to include discovery, integration, application/practice, and teaching/learning.

CancelRx case study: implications for clinic and community pharmacy work systems.

Background: Medication prescribing and discontinuation processes are complex and involve the patient, numerous health care professionals, organizations, health information technology (IT). CancelRx is a health IT that automatically communicates medication discontinuations from the clinic electronic health record to the community pharmacy dispensing platform, theoretically improving communication. CancelRx was implemented across a Midwest academic health system in October 2017.

Evaluation of a Patient Education Game Design Activity.

Background: Game-based learning has been used in pharmacy education settings with the instructor developing a game for students to play to enhance learning. However, there is a paucity of data about health sciences students designing a game themselves to further their understanding of a complex topic. The purpose of this study was to describe and assess a game design activity focused on patient education of anticoagulants in a pharmacotherapy skills laboratory setting.

Examining the Critical Need for Tailored Adolescent Opioid Education: A National Study.

Objective: Prescription opioid education can be a preventative measure for opioid misuse. However, most research focuses on adult perspectives rather than adolescents. This study aimed to understand adolescents' attitudes, perceptions, knowledge about prescription opioids, and preferences and prior educational exposure to opioid safety.

Using Protection Motivation Theory to develop a survey of over-the-counter decision-making by older adults.

Background: Older adults (aged 65+) are responsible for 30% of the over-the-counter (OTC) medication use in the US. Each year, over 175,000 older adults are hospitalized due to OTC-related adverse drug events (ADEs). A major barrier to improving OTC use has been the dearth of actionable research on factors that affect older adult decision-making during OTC selection.

Patterns of psychotropic drug use in veterans with epilepsy: Do drug interactions matter?

Rationale: Patients with epilepsy are likely to suffer from psychiatric comorbidities, including depression and anxiety. They often require treatment with multiple psychotropic drugs (PDs). While it is clear that CYP-inducing ASMs (EIASMs) can increase the oral clearance of multiple medications (thus lowering systemic exposure), it is less clear that all PK interactions are clinically meaningful (e.

Impact of an online pharmacy precepting-focused continuing professional development program.

Introduction: This study aimed to determine the preceptor-reported impact of an online continuing professional development (CPD) program on pharmacy preceptors' abilities and techniques for teaching students in clinical settings.

Methods: In 2017, an online program to educate and support pharmacy preceptors' use of CPD to create individualized clinical teaching development plans was launched. After allowing time for preceptors to implement their CPD plan, a follow-up program was launched in 2019 where preceptors completed a seven-question survey to assess their impact on clinical teaching from the initial program.

Implementation and evaluation of a pharmacy family program to foster community and inclusion.

Background And Purpose: Learning communities in the form of student-faculty families in pharmacy education provide a structure to foster community and inclusion. The purpose of this work is to describe how a new Pharmacy Family (PF) program was implemented and to evaluate the impact on students.

Educational Activity And Setting: Our PF program was developed with the goals of building community, promoting a sense of belonging, providing students with opportunities to share and receive advice, and providing a venue for surveillance of student concerns.

Elevating Safe Use of Over-The-Counter Medications in Older Adults: A Narrative Review of Pharmacy Involved Interventions and Recommendations for Improvement.

Over-the-counter (OTC) medications are products that have been made easily accessible to allow patients to treat common ailments without a prescription and the cost of a doctor's visit. These medications are generally considered safe; however, there is still a potential for these medications to lead to adverse health outcomes. Older adults (ages 50+) are especially susceptible to these adverse health outcomes, due to age-related physiological changes, a higher prevalence of comorbidities, and prescription medication use.