Imaging alternatives to colonoscopy: CT colonography and colon capsule. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) and European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology (ESGAR) Guideline - Update 2020.

1. ESGE/ESGAR recommend computed tomographic colonography (CTC) as the radiological examination of choice for the diagnosis of colorectal neoplasia. Strong recommendation, high quality evidence.

What Should Clinicians Tell Patients about Placebo and Nocebo Effects? Practical Considerations Based on Expert Consensus.

Introduction: Clinical and laboratory studies demonstrate that placebo and nocebo effects influence various symptoms and conditions after the administration of both inert and active treatments.

Objective: There is an increasing need for up-to-date recommendations on how to inform patients about placebo and nocebo effects in clinical practice and train clinicians how to disclose this information.

Methods: Based on previous clinical recommendations concerning placebo and nocebo effects, a 3-step, invitation-only Delphi study was conducted among an interdisciplinary group of internationally recognized experts.

Primary cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: results of a multicentre European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) cutaneous lymphoma taskforce study on the clinico-pathological and prognostic features.

Background: Cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PTL NOS) is an aggressive, but poorly characterized neoplasm.

Objectives: The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer cutaneous lymphoma taskforce (EORTC CLTF) investigated 33 biopsies of 30 patients with primary cutaneous PTL NOS to analyse their clinical, histological, immunophenotypic features and outcome.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of clinical data and histopathological features by an expert panel.

European Headache Federation recommendations for placebo and nocebo terminology.

Background And Aim: Despite recent publications, practitioners remain unfamiliar with the current terminology related to the placebo and nocebo phenomena observed in clinical trials and practice, nor with the factors that modulate them. To cover the gap, the European Headache Federation appointed a panel of experts to clarify the terms associated with the use of placebo in clinical trials.

Methods: The working group identified relevant questions and agreed upon recommendations.

Understanding the mechanisms of placebo and nocebo effects.

Although placebos have long been considered a nuisance in clinical research, over recent years they have become an active and productive field of research. Indeed, the placebo effect represents an elegant model to understand how the brain works. It is worth knowing that there is not a single but many placebo effects, with different mechanisms across different systems, medical conditions and therapeutic interventions.

I expect what you expect: An electrophysiological study on social expectation of pain.

Expectations and motor reactions related to pain are mainly acquired through personal experiences. Contingent negative variation (CNV) has been shown to be an informative electrophysiological measure of this pain anticipation. Expectations can also arise while observing others in painful conditions.

Timing of sentinel node biopsy independently predicts disease-free and overall survival in clinical stage I-II melanoma patients: A multicentre study of the Italian Melanoma Intergroup (IMI).

Background: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SNB) still remains a key procedure to appropriately stage melanoma patients and to select those who are candidate to novel treatments with immunotherapy and targeted therapy in the adjuvant setting. The impact of timing of SNB on disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) is still unclear.

Material And Methods: The study was conducted at 6 Italian Melanoma Intergroup (IMI) centres and included 8953 consecutive clinical stage I-II melanoma patients who were diagnosed, treated, and followed up between November 1997 and March 2018.

Should we be imaging lymph nodes at initial diagnosis of early-stage mycosis fungoides? Results from the PROspective Cutaneous Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (PROCLIPI) international study.

Background: Early-stage mycosis fungoides (MF) includes involvement of dermatopathic lymph nodes (LNs) or early lymphomatous LNs. There is a lack of unanimity among current guidelines regarding the indications for initial staging imaging in early-stage presentation of MF in the absence of enlarged palpable LNs.

Objectives: To investigate how often imaging is performed in patients with early-stage presentation of MF, to assess the yield of LN imaging, and to determine what disease characteristics promoted imaging.

Context matters: the psychoneurobiological determinants of placebo, nocebo and context-related effects in physiotherapy.

Background: Placebo and nocebo effects embody psychoneurobiological phenomena where behavioural, neurophysiological, perceptive and cognitive changes occur during the therapeutic encounter in the healthcare context. Placebo effects are produced by a positive healthcare context; while nocebo effects are consequences of negative healthcare context. Historically, placebo, nocebo and context-related effects were considered as confounding elements for clinicians and researchers.

Machine Perfusions in Liver Transplantation: The Evidence-Based Position Paper of the Italian Society of Organ and Tissue Transplantation.

The use of machine perfusion (MP) in liver transplantation (LT) is spreading worldwide. However, its efficacy has not been demonstrated, and its proper clinical use has far to go to be widely implemented. The Società Italiana Trapianti d'Organo (SITO) promoted the development of an evidence-based position paper.

Cancer of Unknown Primary (CUP): genetic evidence for a novel nosological entity? A case report.

Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) is an obscure disease characterized by multiple metastases in the absence of a primary tumor. No consensus has been reached whether CUPs are simply generated from cancers that cannot be detected or whether they are the manifestation of a still unknown nosological entity. Here, we report the complete expression and genetic analysis of multiple synchronous metastases harvested at warm autopsy of a patient with CUP.

Treatment of early-stage mycosis fungoides: results from the PROspective Cutaneous Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (PROCLIPI) study.

Background: The PROspective Cutaneous Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (PROCLIPI) study is a prospective analysis of an international database. Here we examine front-line treatments and quality of life (QoL) in patients with newly diagnosed mycosis fungoides (MF).

Objectives: To identify (i) differences in first-line approaches according to tumour-nodes-metastasis-blood (TNMB) staging; (ii) parameters related to a first-line systemic approach and (iii) response rates and QoL measures.

Coracoid tunnels in open and arthroscopic treatment of acromioclavicular dislocation: an experimental cadaveric study.

Purpose: Treatment of acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) dislocation is not encoded uniquely. Type I and II injuries are usually treated conservatively, while types IV, V and VI surgically. Controversy still exists over the treatment of type III injuries.

Aortic Valve Replacement for Aortic Stenosis in Low-, Intermediate-, and High-Risk Patients: Preliminary Results From a Prospective Multicenter Registry.

Objective: To evaluate current results of surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) ± coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.

Design: Independent, multicenter, prospective registry.

Setting: Tertiary university hospitals.

The prognostic impact of the extent of ulceration in patients with clinical stage I-II melanoma: a multicentre study of the Italian Melanoma Intergroup (IMI).

Background: The presence of ulceration has been recognized as an adverse prognostic factor in primary cutaneous melanoma (PCM).

Objectives: To investigate whether the extent of ulceration (EoU) predicts relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in PCM.

Materials And Methods: We retrieved data for 477 patients with ulcerated PCM from databases of the Italian Melanoma Intergroup.

The growth of non-solid neoplastic lung nodules is associated with low PD L1 expression, irrespective of sampling technique.

Background: Few data are known regarding the molecular features and patterns of growth and presentation which characterize those lung neoplastic lesions presenting as non-solid nodules (NSN).

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed two different cohorts of NSNs detected by CT scan which, after transthoracic fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy (CNB) received a final diagnosis of malignancy. All the enrolled patients were then addressed to surgical removal of lung cancer nodules or to exclusive radiotherapy.

"Metastatic Cancer of Unknown Primary" or "Primary Metastatic Cancer"?

Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) is an umbrella term used to classify a heterogeneous group of metastatic cancers based on the absence of an identifiable primary tumor. Clinically, CUPs are characterized by a set of distinct features comprising early metastatic dissemination in an atypical pattern, an aggressive clinical course, poor response to empiric chemotherapy and, consequently, a short life expectancy. Two opposing strategies to change the dismal prognosis for the better are pursued.

LIGHT/TNFSF14 Promotes Osteolytic Bone Metastases in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients.

Tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 14 (TNFSF14), LIGHT, is a component of the cytokine network that regulates innate and adaptive immune responses, which promote homeostasis of lymphoid organs, liver, and bone. Metastatic tumors often disrupt the tissue microenvironment, thus altering the homeostasis of the invaded organ; however, the underlying mechanisms required further studies. We investigated the role of LIGHT in osteolytic bone disease induced by metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

The neurobiological underpinnings of placebo and nocebo effects.

The placebo effect, once considered only a nuisance in clinical research, is today a target of scientific inquiry that allows us understand how words, rituals and, more in general, the whole psychosocial context around the patient, affect the response to a treatment and the course of a disease. Today we are in a good position to study all these complex psychological factors by using a physiological and neuroscientific approach that uses modern neurobiological tools to probe different brain functions. Since a placebo is represented by the whole ritual of the therapeutic act, the main concept that has emerged today is that words and rituals may modulate the same biochemical pathways that are modulated by drugs.

Human Papillomavirus E7 Oncoprotein Subverts Host Innate Immunity via SUV39H1-Mediated Epigenetic Silencing of Immune Sensor Genes.

Subversion of innate immunity by oncoviruses, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), favors carcinogenesis because the mechanism(s) of viral immune evasion can also hamper cancer immunosurveillance. Previously, we demonstrated that high-risk (hr) HPVs trigger simultaneous epigenetic silencing of multiple effectors of innate immunity to promote viral persistence. Here, we expand on those observations and show that the HPV E7 oncoprotein upregulates the H3K9-specific methyltransferase, whose action shuts down the host innate immune response.

Nocebo and the contribution of psychosocial factors to the generation of pain.

The biopsychosocial model claims that illness is generated by biological, psychological, and social factors. The nocebo response, particularly nocebo hyperalgesia, is an excellent model and approach to understand these effects and their psychophysiological underpinnings, as nocebos are made of negative psychological and social factors, such as negative expectations and social interactions. There is today experimental evidence that nocebos can create symptoms and illness from nothing, in particular pain, whereby a combination of biological, psychological and social factors interact with each other in the generation of the global painful experience.