Insulin clearance at randomisation and in response to treatment in youth with type 2 diabetes: a secondary analysis of the TODAY randomised clinical trial.

Aims/hypothesis: Insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinaemia are core features leading to beta cell failure in youth-onset type 2 diabetes. Insulin clearance (IC) is also a key regulator of insulin concentrations, but few data exist on IC in youth-onset type 2 diabetes. In a secondary analysis of our Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) randomised clinical trial, we investigated potential sex-, race-, ethnicity- and treatment-related differences in IC in youth-onset type 2 diabetes and aimed to identify metabolic phenotypes associated with IC at baseline and in response to metformin, metformin plus a lifestyle intervention, and metformin plus rosiglitazone.

Medially Migrating Vestibular Schwannomas: A Review of 10 Cases.

Objective: To analyze cases of medial migration of vestibular schwannomas to propose an underlying mechanism.

Study Design: Retrospective chart review.

Patients: Ten patients from one institution with sporadic vestibular schwannomas that demonstrated medial migration toward the cerebellopontine angle on serial imaging were reviewed.

A cross-species analysis of neuroanatomical covariance sex difference in humans and mice.

Structural covariance in brain anatomy is thought to reflect inter-regional sharing of developmental influences - although this hypothesis has proved hard to causally test. Here, we use neuroimaging in humans and mice to study sex-differences in anatomical covariance - asking if regions that have developed shared sex differences in volume across species also show shared sex difference in volume covariance. This study design illuminates both the biology of sex-differences and theoretical models for anatomical covariance - benefitting from tests of inter-species convergence.

The Role of Ultrasound in Bedside Procedures.

Ultrasound guidance for bedside procedures improves rates of success while reducing complications. It is the standard of care for most bedside procedures and has ever-increasing utility for peri-procedural assessment. Herein, we provide a concise description with associated images and videos detailing the proper technique for ultrasound image acquisition and interpretation, along with common pitfalls to be avoided.

Economic Disadvantage During Childhood, Obesity, and Diabetes Across Three Birth Cohorts of Older Mexicans.

Objectives: Diabetes prevalence has increased markedly in Mexico. We examined the individual and joint contributions of economic disadvantage during childhood (EDDC) and elevated body weight on diabetes prevalence in 3 cohorts of Mexican adults.

Methods: Data on those 60-69 years old from the 1930-1939, 1940-1949, and 1950-1959 birth cohorts in Waves 1 (2001), 3 (2012), and 5 (2018) of the Mexican Health and Aging Study were used.

Nine Mile phase I primary infection derived protective immunity against C. reinfection in mice depends on both B and T cells, but T cells play a critical role.

is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium that causes acute and chronic Q fever in humans. Acute Q fever is usually a flu-like, self-limiting or treatable illness, but some infections can turn into a severe and sometimes fatal chronic disease. There is currently no FDA-approved vaccine available for the prevention of human Q fever in the US, development of a safe and effective vaccine for the prevention of human Q fever remains an important goal for public health.

Secondary cutaneous malignancy after treatment of basal cell carcinoma with hedgehog pathway inhibitor: a systematic review.

Several studies have been published describing development of cutaneous malignancy after vismodegib therapy; no systematic review has been conducted to interpret these data. Our objective was to systemically review reported cases of same-site or different-site cutaneous malignancy after smoothened inhibitor (SMOi) therapy for primary basal cell carcinoma (BCC). PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus were systematically searched January 1, 2012 - March 28, 2024.

Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Psoriasis-A Comprehensive Review.

A literature search on the subject of botulinum toxin treatment in psoriasis found 15 relevant articles, 11 on human subjects and 4 on animal studies. Of the human data, eight were clinical trials and three were single case reports. Seven out of eight clinical trials, all open-label, reported improvement in psoriasis following intradermal or subcutaneous botulinum toxin injections.

Relationship between MRI brain-age heterogeneity, cognition, genetics and Alzheimer's disease neuropathology.

Background: Brain ageing is highly heterogeneous, as it is driven by a variety of normal and neuropathological processes. These processes may differentially affect structural and functional brain ageing across individuals, with more pronounced ageing (older brain age) during midlife being indicative of later development of dementia. Here, we examined whether brain-ageing heterogeneity in unimpaired older adults related to neurodegeneration, different cognitive trajectories, genetic and amyloid-beta (Aβ) profiles, and to predicted progression to Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Evaluation of growth and feeding tolerance in infants with single-ventricle physiology receiving retrospective standard of care feeding regimens compared with protocolised formula or exclusive human milk feeding regimens.

Objective: Determine whether weight gain velocity (g/day) 30 days after initiating feeds following cardiac surgery and other clinical outcomes improve in infants with single-ventricle physiology fed an exclusive human milk (EHM) diet with early fortification compared to non-protocolised "standard of care."

Methods: This retrospective cohort study compares term infants with single-ventricle physiology who underwent neonatal surgical palliation. The retrospective control group (RCG) was fed according to non-protocolised standard of care at a single centre and was compared with infants in a previous protocolised multi-site randomised controlled trial assigned to either an EHM group or a control group (TCG).

Dysbiosis-activated IL-17-producing T cells promote skin immunopathological progression in mice deficient of the Notch ligand Jag1 in keratinocytes.

Background: The Notch signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved regulatory cascade critical in skin development and homeostasis. Mice deficient of Notch signaling molecules have impaired skin and hair follicle development associated with local tissue inflammation. However, mechanisms underlying skin inflammation and pathology resulting from defective Notch signals are not well understood.