Fluorescence Polarization Control for On-Off Switching of Single Molecules at Cryogenic Temperatures.

Light microscopy, allowing sub-diffraction-limited resolution, has been among the fastest developing techniques at the interface of biology, chemistry, and physics. Intriguingly no theoretical limit exists on how far the underlying measurement uncertainty can be lowered. In particular data fusion of large amounts of images can reduce the measurement error to match the resolution of structural methods like cryo-electron microscopy.

Transitions in the wintertime near-surface temperature inversion at Dome C, Antarctica.

In this work we study the dynamics of the surface-based temperature inversion over the Antarctic Plateau during the polar winter. Using 6 years of observations from the French-Italian Antarctic station Concordia at Dome C, we investigate sudden regime transitions in the strength of the near-surface temperature inversion. Here we define "near-surface" as being within the domain of the 45-m measuring tower.

Compactly representing massive terrain models as TINs in CityGML.

Terrains form an important part of 3D city models. GIS practitioners often model terrains with 2D grids. However, TINs (Triangulated Irregular networks) are also increasingly used in practice.

Correlations Between the Thermosphere's Semiannual Density Variations and Infrared Emissions Measured With the SABER Instrument.

This paper presents measurements of the amplitudes and timings of the combined, annual, and semiannual variations of thermospheric neutral density, and a comparison of these density variations with measurements of the infrared emissions from carbon dioxide and nitric oxide in the thermosphere. The density values were obtained from measurements of the atmospheric drag experienced by the Challenging Minisatellite Payload, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment A, Gravity field and Ocean Circulation Explorer, and three Swarm satellites, while the optical emissions were measured with the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite. These data span a time period of 16 years.

Unravelling the demographic dynamics of ethnic residential segregation.

Selective intraurban migration of ethnic groups is often assumed to be the main microlevel mechanism reproducing ethnic residential segregation. However, other demographic processes, such as natural change and international migration, also matter. This paper contributes to the literature by unravelling the impacts of different demographic processes to changes in ethnic segregation.

Formate Oxidase (FOx) from Aspergillus oryzae: One Catalyst Enables Diverse H O -Dependent Biocatalytic Oxidation Reactions.

An increasing number of biocatalytic oxidation reactions rely on H O as a clean oxidant. The poor robustness of most enzymes towards H O , however, necessitates more efficient systems for in situ H O generation. In analogy to the well-known formate dehydrogenase to promote NADH-dependent reactions, we here propose employing formate oxidase (FOx) to promote H O -dependent enzymatic oxidation reactions.

In vivo nerve identification in head and neck surgery using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.

Background: Careful identification of nerves during head and neck surgery is essential to prevent nerve damage. Currently, nerves are identified based on anatomy and appearance, optionally combined with electromyography (EMG). In challenging cases, nerve damage is reported in up to 50%.

Predicting variant deleteriousness in non-human species: applying the CADD approach in mouse.

Background: Predicting the deleteriousness of observed genomic variants has taken a step forward with the introduction of the Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion (CADD) approach, which trains a classifier on the wealth of available human genomic information. This raises the question whether it can be done with less data for non-human species. Here, we investigate the prerequisites to construct a CADD-based model for a non-human species.

Advancing New Testament interpretation through spatio-temporal analysis: Demonstrated by case studies.

This article explores, via three case studies, how spatio-temporal analysis can advance New Testament text interpretation. Acts 2, verse 9 to 11 is the text of study. Case study 1 applies network analysis to data representing the Roman road network constrained by parameters valid for ancient times.

Marchenko-Based Target Replacement, Accounting for All Orders of Multiple Reflections.

In seismic monitoring, one is usually interested in the response of a changing target zone, embedded in a static inhomogeneous medium. We introduce an efficient method that predicts reflection responses at the Earth's surface for different target-zone scenarios, from a single reflection response at the surface and a model of the changing target zone. The proposed process consists of two main steps.

Global Ionospheric and Thermospheric Effects of the June 2015 Geomagnetic Disturbances: Multi-Instrumental Observations and Modeling.

By using data from multiple instruments, we investigate ionospheric/thermospheric behavior during the period from 21 to 23 June 2015, when three interplanetary shocks (IS) of different intensities arrived at Earth. The first IS was registered at 16:45 UT on 21 June and caused ~50 nT increase in the SYM-H index. The second IS arrived at 5:45 UT on 22 June and induced an enhancement of the auroral/substorm activity that led to rapid increase of thermospheric neutral mass density and ionospheric vertical total electron content at high latitudes.

A nano-fibrous platform of copolymer patterned surfaces for controlled cell alignment.

The last decade has witnessed great progress in understanding and manipulating self-assembly of block copolymers in solution. A wide variety of micellar structures can be created and many promising applications in bioscience have been reported. In particular, nano-fibrous micelles provide a great platform to mimic the filamentous structure of native extracellular matrix (ECM).

Salt concentration dependence of the mechanical properties of LiPF/poly(propylene glycol) acrylate electrolyte at a graphitic carbon interface: A reactive molecular dynamics study.

This reactive molecular dynamics study explores the salt concentration dependence of the viscoelastic and mechanical failure properties of a poly(propylene glycol)/LiPF-based solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) at a graphitic carbon electrode interface. To account for the finite-size effect of interface-confined SPE films, the properties of two distinct film thicknesses are compared with the respective bulk properties. Additionally, the effect of uniaxial compression in the interface-normal direction on free energy profiles of Li-ion SPE-desolvation is studied.

Estimating the arterial input function from dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI data with compensation for flow enhancement (I): Theory, method, and phantom experiments.

Background: The arterial input function (AIF) represents the time-dependent arterial contrast agent (CA) concentration that is used in pharmacokinetic modeling.

Purpose: To develop a novel method for estimating the AIF from dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE-) MRI data, while compensating for flow enhancement.

Study Type: Signal simulation and phantom measurements.

Influence of chemically enhanced primary treatment on anaerobic digestion and dewaterability of waste sludge.

To lower energy consumption at a sewage treatment plant (STP), primary settling could be enhanced to direct more chemical oxygen demand (COD) to anaerobic digestion (AD) for increased biogas production and decreased aeration. Primary settling can be chemically enhanced by applying flocculation aids (FAs). FAs are refractory compounds that may affect all sludge treatment facilities.

Experience with a Multinational, Secondary School Education Module with a Focus on Prevention of Virus Infections.

Worldwide, virus infections are responsible for many diseases in terms of morbidity and mortality. Vaccinations and therapies are only available for relatively few virus infections and not always where they are needed. However, knowledge of transmission routes can prevent virus infection.

Evaluation of the Display of Cognitive State Feedback to Drive Adaptive Task Sharing.

This paper presents an adaptive system intended to address workload imbalances between pilots in future flight decks. Team performance can be maximized when task demands are balanced within crew capabilities and resources. Good communication skills enable teams to adapt to changes in workload, and include the balancing of workload between team members This work addresses human factors priorities in the aviation domain with the goal to develop concepts that balance operator workload, support future operator roles and responsibilities, and support new task requirements, while allowing operators to focus on the most safety critical tasks.

Closing the sea level budget on a regional scale: Trends and variability on the Northwestern European continental shelf.

Long-term trends and decadal variability of sea level in the North Sea and along the Norwegian coast have been studied over the period 1958-2014. We model the spatially nonuniform sea level and solid earth response to large-scale ice melt and terrestrial water storage changes. GPS observations, corrected for the solid earth deformation, are used to estimate vertical land motion.

Metabolic Response of " Accumulibacter Phosphatis" Clade II C to Changes in Influent P/C Ratio.

The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of a culture highly enriched with the polyphosphate-accumulating organism, " Accumulibacter phosphatis" clade IIC, to adjust their metabolism to different phosphate availabilities. For this purpose the biomass was cultivated in a sequencing batch reactor with acetate and exposed to different phosphate/carbon influent ratios during six experimental phases. Activity tests were conducted to determine the anaerobic kinetic and stoichiometric parameters as well as the composition of the microbial community.

Nonlinear Coupling between Cortical Oscillations and Muscle Activity during Isotonic Wrist Flexion.

Coupling between cortical oscillations and muscle activity facilitates neuronal communication during motor control. The linear part of this coupling, known as corticomuscular coherence, has received substantial attention, even though neuronal communication underlying motor control has been demonstrated to be highly nonlinear. A full assessment of corticomuscular coupling, including the nonlinear part, is essential to understand the neuronal communication within the sensorimotor system.

DNRA and Denitrification Coexist over a Broad Range of Acetate/N-NO Ratios, in a Chemostat Enrichment Culture.

Denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) compete for nitrate in natural and engineered environments. A known important factor in this microbial competition is the ratio of available electron donor and elector acceptor, here expressed as Ac/N ratio (acetate/nitrate-nitrogen). We studied the impact of the Ac/N ratio on the nitrate reduction pathways in chemostat enrichment cultures, grown on acetate mineral medium.

Euler-Lagrange computational fluid dynamics for (bio)reactor scale down: An analysis of organism lifelines.

The trajectories, referred to as lifelines, of individual microorganisms in an industrial scale fermentor under substrate limiting conditions were studied using an Euler-Lagrange computational fluid dynamics approach. The metabolic response to substrate concentration variations along these lifelines provides deep insight in the dynamic environment inside a large-scale fermentor, from the point of view of the microorganisms themselves. We present a novel methodology to evaluate this metabolic response, based on transitions between metabolic "regimes" that can provide a comprehensive statistical insight in the environmental fluctuations experienced by microorganisms inside an industrial bioreactor.