Surface-Layer Wind Shear and Momentum Transport From Clear-Sky to Cloudy Weather Regimes Over Land.

This study investigates how wind shear and momentum fluxes in the surface- and boundary layer vary across wind and cloud regimes. We use a 9-year-long data set from the Cabauw observatory complemented by (8.2 × 8.

The Morphology of Simulated Trade-Wind Convection and Cold Pools Under Wind Shear.

A growing body of literature investigates convective organization, but few studies to date have sought to investigate how wind shear plays a role in the spatial organization of shallow (trade-wind) convection. The present study hence investigates the morphology of precipitating marine cumulus convection using large-eddy-simulation experiments with zonal forward and backward shear and without shear. One set of simulations includes evaporation of precipitation, promoting cold-pool development, and another set inhibits the evaporation of precipitation and thus cold-pool formation.

Solvent-mediated outer-sphere CO electro-reduction mechanism over the Ag111 surface.

The electrocatalytic CO reduction reaction (CORR) is one of the key technologies of the clean energy economy. Molecular-level understanding of the CORR process is instrumental for the better design of electrodes operable at low overpotentials with high current density. The catalytic mechanism underlying the turnover and selectivity of the CORR is modulated by the nature of the electrocatalyst, as well as the electrolyte liquid, and its ionic components that form the electrical double layer (EDL).

Impact of random variation in albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate on patient enrolment and duration of clinical trials in nephrology.

Aim: To test whether a screening approach with more flexible urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) thresholds would decrease screen failure rate without negatively impacting on the event rate and overall study duration.

Methods: We performed a post-hoc analysis of the ALTITUDE trial. We selected participants randomized to placebo with a UACR of >300 mg/g and an eGFR between 30 mL/min/1.

Global fine-scale changes in ambient NO during COVID-19 lockdowns.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO) is an important contributor to air pollution and can adversely affect human health. A decrease in NO concentrations has been reported as a result of lockdown measures to reduce the spread of COVID-19. Questions remain, however, regarding the relationship of satellite-derived atmospheric column NO data with health-relevant ambient ground-level concentrations, and the representativeness of limited ground-based monitoring data for global assessment.

Intra-articular injection of triamcinolone acetonide sustains macrophage levels and aggravates osteophytosis during degenerative joint disease in mice.

Background And Purpose: Corticosteroids such as triamcinolone acetonide (TAA) are potent drugs administered intra-articularly as an anti-inflammatory therapy to relieve pain associated with osteoarthritis (OA). However, the ability of early TAA intervention to mitigate OA progression and modulate immune cell subsets remains unclear. Here, we sought to understand the effect of early intra-articular injection of TAA on OA progression, local macrophages, and peripheral blood monocytes.

Patched Local Lunar Gravity Solutions Using GRAIL Data.

We present a method to determine local gravity fields for the Moon using Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) data. We express gravity as gridded gravity anomalies on a sphere, and we estimate adjustments to a background global start model expressed in spherical harmonics. We processed GRAIL Ka-band range-rate data with a short-arc approach, using only data over the area of interest.

Revealing Intraosseous Blood Flow in the Human Tibia With Ultrasound.

Intraosseous blood circulation is thought to have a critical role in bone growth and remodeling, fracture healing, and bone disorders. However, it is rarely considered in clinical practice because of the absence of a suitable noninvasive in vivo measurement technique. In this work, we assessed blood perfusion in tibial cortical bone simultaneously with blood flow in the superficial femoral artery with ultrasound imaging in five healthy volunteers.

Risk of dementia in ε4 carriers is mitigated by a polygenic risk score.

Introduction: We investigated relationships among genetic determinants of Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyloid/tau/neurodegenaration (ATN) biomarkers, and risk of dementia.

Methods: We studied cognitively normal individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) from the Amsterdam Dementia Cohort and SCIENCe project. We examined associations between genetic variants and ATN biomarkers, and evaluated their predictive value for incident dementia.

Description and Demonstration of the Coupled Community Earth System Model v2 - Community Ice Sheet Model v2 (CESM2-CISM2).

Earth system/ice-sheet coupling is an area of recent, major Earth System Model (ESM) development. This work occurs at the intersection of glaciology and climate science and is motivated by a need for robust projections of sea-level rise. The Community Ice Sheet Model version 2 (CISM2) is the newest component model of the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2).

GIS as a heuristic tool to interpret ancient historiography: A case study to reconstruct what could plausibly have happened according to the accounts in New Testament texts.

This article examines how GIS can be used as a heuristic tool to reconstruct spatial-temporal events from narratives in order to examine whether a scenario is conceivable within the narrative world. The narrative about Paul's escape from Berea (Acts 17:14-15) is used as a case study. Several interpretive issues related to spatial and temporal questions surround these texts.

Fluidization of elongated particles-Effect of multi-particle correlations for drag, lift, and torque in CFD-DEM.

Having proper correlations for hydrodynamic forces is essential for successful CFD-DEM simulations of a fluidized bed. For spherical particles in a fluidized bed, efficient correlations for predicting the drag force, including the crowding effect caused by surrounding particles, are already available and well tested. However, for elongated particles, next to the drag force, the lift force, and hydrodynamic torque also gain importance.

A novel Veress needle mechanism that reduces overshooting after puncturing the abdominal wall.

Background: Complications that occur in laparoscopic surgery are often associated with the initial entry into the peritoneal cavity. The literature reported incidences of Veress needle (VN) injuries of e.g.

Comparative study of low-cost fluoride removal by layered double hydroxides, geopolymers, softening pellets and struvite.

Excessive F in drinking water due to natural and anthropogenic activities is a serious health hazard affecting humans worldwide. In this study, a comparative assessment was made of eight mineral-based materials with advantageous structural properties for F uptake: layered-double-hydroxides (LDHs), geopolymers, softening pellets and struvite. These materials are considered low-cost, for being either a waste or by-product, or can be locally-sourced.

Identifying key questions in the ecology and evolution of cancer.

The application of evolutionary and ecological principles to cancer prevention and treatment, as well as recognizing cancer as a selection force in nature, has gained impetus over the last 50 years. Following the initial theoretical approaches that combined knowledge from interdisciplinary fields, it became clear that using the eco-evolutionary framework is of key importance to understand cancer. We are now at a pivotal point where accumulating evidence starts to steer the future directions of the discipline and allows us to underpin the key challenges that remain to be addressed.

Microphysical Modeling of Carbonate Fault Friction at Slip Rates Spanning the Full Seismic Cycle.

Laboratory studies suggest that seismogenic rupture on faults in carbonate terrains can be explained by a transition from high friction, at low sliding velocities (), to low friction due to rapid dynamic weakening as seismic slip velocities are approached. However, consensus on the controlling physical processes is lacking. We previously proposed a microphysically based model (the "Chen-Niemeijer-Spiers" [CNS] model) that accounts for the (rate-and-state) frictional behavior of carbonate fault gouges seen at low velocities characteristic of rupture nucleation.

Migration behaviour of 2 clinically excellent cementless stems with different design rationales: 5-year follow-up of a randomised RSA-study.

Introduction: Excellent long-term survival has been reported for both the Taperloc and the Mallory-Head cementless stems. However, little is known about the migration behaviour of these stems which have different design rationales. The purpose of this randomised clinical trial was to compare the migration and clinical outcomes of these stems during 5 years of follow-up.

Cold Pool Dynamics Shape the Response of Extreme Rainfall Events to Climate Change.

There is increasing evidence that local rainfall extremes can increase with warming at a higher rate than expected from the Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) relation. The exact mechanisms behind this super-CC scaling phenomenon are still unsolved. Recent studies highlight invigorated local dynamics as a contributor to enhanced precipitation rates with warming.

How Wind Shear Affects Trade-wind Cumulus Convection.

Motivated by an observed relationship between marine low cloud cover and surface wind speed, this study investigates how vertical wind shear affects trade-wind cumulus convection, including shallow cumulus and congestus with tops below the freezing level. We ran large-eddy simulations for an idealized case of trade-wind convection using different vertical shears in the zonal wind. Backward shear, whereby surface easterlies become upper westerlies, is effective at limiting vertical cloud development, which leads to a moister, shallower, and cloudier trade-wind layer.

Ion beam analysis (IBA) and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) for forensic characterisation of authentic Viagra® and of sildenafil-based illegal products.

Illegal trafficking of pharmaceutical products by criminal organisations is a global threat for public health. Drugs for erectile dysfunction such as phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors are the most commonly counterfeited medicines in Europe. The search of possible toxic chemical substances in seized products is needed to provide early warning for public health.

Sea Level Budgets Should Account for Ocean Bottom Deformation.

The conventional sea level budget (SLB) equates changes in sea surface height with the sum of ocean mass and steric change, where solid-Earth movements are included as corrections but limited to the impact of glacial isostatic adjustment. However, changes in ocean mass load also deform the ocean bottom elastically. Until the early 2000s, ocean mass change was relatively small, translating into negligible elastic ocean bottom deformation (OBD), hence neglected in the SLB equation.

CityJSON in QGIS: Development of an open-source plugin.

When QGIS 3.0 was released in 2018, it added support for 3D visualisation. At the same time, CityJSON has been developing as an easy-to-use JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) encoding for 3D city models using the CityGML 2.

Long-term migration of a cementless stem with different bioactive coatings. Data from a "prime" RSA study: lessons learned.

Background and purpose - Little is known about the long-term migration pattern of cementless stems in total hip arthroplasty (THA). Furthermore, the role of bioactive coatings in fixation, and thus migration, remains uncertain. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the most commonly used bioactive coating.

Clouds and Convective Self-Aggregation in a Multimodel Ensemble of Radiative-Convective Equilibrium Simulations.

The Radiative-Convective Equilibrium Model Intercomparison Project (RCEMIP) is an intercomparison of multiple types of numerical models configured in radiative-convective equilibrium (RCE). RCE is an idealization of the tropical atmosphere that has long been used to study basic questions in climate science. Here, we employ RCE to investigate the role that clouds and convective activity play in determining cloud feedbacks, climate sensitivity, the state of convective aggregation, and the equilibrium climate.

Global Warming Threshold and Mechanisms for Accelerated Greenland Ice Sheet Surface Mass Loss.

The Community Earth System Model version 2.1 (CESM2.1) is used to investigate the evolution of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) surface mass balance (SMB) under an idealized CO forcing scenario of 1% increase until stabilization at 4× pre-industrial at model year 140.