Antibiotic Treatment Duration for Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Outpatient Children in High-Income Countries-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: The optimal treatment duration of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children has been controversial in high-income countries. We conducted a meta-analysis to compare short antibiotic treatment (3-5 days) with longer treatment (7-10 days) among children aged ≥6 months.

Methods: On 31 January 2022, we searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for studies published in English from 2003 to 2022.

Antibiotic stewardship programmes had a low impact on prescribing for acute respiratory tract infections in children.

Aim: This mini review summarises the available data on antibiotic stewardship programmes (ASP) for acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) in paediatric outpatients, particularly the implementation and impact of programmes.

Methods: PubMed was searched from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2021 for papers with abstracts that used the terms respiratory tract infection, antibiotic, child and guideline. We then saw how many of these included the individual terms impact, implementation or stewardship.

Local healthcare professionals need to work together to implement bronchiolitis guidelines that stop unnecessary tests and treatments.

Aim: This mini review summarised studies published over a 10-year period on the impact of guidelines for diagnosing and managing bronchiolitis in children, with a special focus on interventions that enhanced adherence during implementation.

Methods: PubMed was searched from 1 December 2011 to 31 November 2021 for papers published in English that used the terms bronchiolitis, child or infant, guidelines and either implementation or impact. After the exclusion criteria had been applied, 27 articles were reviewed in more detail.

Interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 rs13408661/13431828 polymorphism is associated with persistent post-bronchiolitis asthma at school age.

Aim: Interleukin (IL) 1 receptor-like 1, encoded by the IL1RL1 gene, is a receptor for IL-33. In European birth cohorts, IL1RL1 rs102082293, rs10204137 (rs4988955), rs13424006 and rs13431828 (rs13048661) variations were associated with asthma at school age. In a Dutch multi-centre study, IL1RL1 rs1921622 variation was associated with severe bronchiolitis.

Antibiotic therapy in children with community-acquired pneumonia.

PubMed was reviewed on antibiotic treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children for the years 2011-2020, and three clinical trials in high-income and eight in low-income countries were found. Prospective studies combining laboratory and clinical findings for steering of antibiotic treatment found that five-day courses were equally effective as longer courses. No new antibiotics were launched for children's CAP during the last 10 years.

Toll-interacting protein polymorphisms in viral bronchiolitis outcomes.

Background: Toll-interacting protein is a key factor in regulating innate immunity responses via gatekeeping Toll-like receptors. Genetic variance in innate immunity has been linked with susceptibility to infections. Children with viral bronchiolitis in infancy are at increased risk of later asthma.

Toll-like receptor 10 rs10004195 variation may be protective against Bacillus Calmette-Guérin osteitis after newborn vaccination.

Aim: Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1), TLR2, TLR6 and TLR10 form the TLR2 subfamily. In our previous controlled studies in 132 subjects with osteitis after newborn Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination, TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6 variations were associated with the risk of BCG osteitis. Now, we evaluated the role of ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the TLR10 gene in this cohort.

The sixty-year story of Finnish Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) osteitis.

Aim: A review published in 2015 showed that 331 Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) osteitis cases were globally reported in 1976-2012. The 222 Finnish cases from 1960 to 1988 formed two-thirds of all cases. The present narrative review summarises epidemiological, clinical and immunological findings obtained from this Finnish cohort in relation to data from other countries.

Interleukin 17F gene variations showed no association with BCG osteitis risk after newborn vaccination.

Aim: Interleukin-17 (IL-17) family cytokines promote the host defence against mycobacterial infections. We have previously shown an association between IL17A variations and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) osteitis. This paper evaluates the association of three IL17F polymorphisms with BCG osteitis after newborn vaccination.

IL17RA variations showed no associations with post-bronchiolitis asthma or lung function.

Background: Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and IL-17F are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma and allergy. Interleukin-17 receptor A (IL-17RA), encoded by the IL17RA gene, is a common receptor for IL-17A and IL-17F. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association of IL17RA gene variations with asthma, allergy, and lung function at school age in children prospectively followed up after hospitalization for bronchiolitis in early infancy.

IL17F rs763780 single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with asthma after bronchiolitis in infancy.

Aim: Interleukin-17F (IL-17F) is involved with asthma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of IL17F polymorphisms with childhood asthma after bronchiolitis in infancy.

Methods: We invited 166 children who were hospitalised for bronchiolitis at younger than 6 months of age to follow-up visits at 5-7 years and 11-13 years of ages.

IL33 rs1342326 gene variation is associated with allergic rhinitis at school age after infant bronchiolitis.

Aim: Interleukin (IL)-33, encoded by the IL33 gene, is associated with allergy and asthma. We evaluated IL33 rs1342326 polymorphism in relation to asthma, asthma medication and allergic rhinitis after infant bronchiolitis.

Methods: IL33 rs1342326 polymorphism was studied in children, who were hospitalised for bronchiolitis at age younger than 6 months and who were prospectively followed until 5-7 years (N = 141) and 11-13 years (N = 125) of ages.

Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms were associated with low serum pro-inflammatory cytokines in BCG osteitis survivors.

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the association of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene variations with osteitis risk after Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination given at birth and with serum cytokine levels measured in adulthood.

Methods: We determined the TLR4 rs4986790 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in 132 study subjects with BCG osteitis in infancy and compared the genotype distributions and allele frequencies between them and population controls. Serum concentrations of 11 cytokines measured in adulthood were compared between study subjects with the wild vs variant TLR4 rs4986790 genotype.

Interferon-γ and interleukin-12 production in relation to gene polymorphisms in bacillus Calmette-Guérin osteitis.

Background: Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) play a crucial role in the defense against mycobacteria, and in the response to bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination. We have previously reported clinical and outcome data of 222 BCG osteitis cases diagnosed in 1960-1988 in Finland. The immunological and genetic reports have been based on 132 blood samples obtained in 2007-2008.

Haplotype of the Interleukin 17A gene is associated with osteitis after Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination.

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) osteitis was more common in Finland than elsewhere at the time when universal BCG vaccinations were given to Finnish newborns. There is evidence that IL-17 plays a role in the defense against tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations of IL17A rs4711998, IL17A rs8193036 and IL17A rs2275913 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the risk of BCG osteitis after newborn vaccination.