The biological underpinnings of radiation therapy for vestibular schwannomas: Review of the literature.

Objective: Radiation therapy is a mainstay in the treatment of numerous neoplasms. Numerous publications have reported good clinical outcomes for primary radiation therapy for Vestibular Schwannomas (VS). However, there are relatively few pathologic specimens of VSs available to evaluate post-radiation, which has led to a relative dearth in research on the cellular mechanisms underlying the effects of radiation therapy on VSs.

The Health & Aging Brain among Latino Elders (HABLE) study methods and participant characteristics.

Introduction: Mexican Americans remain severely underrepresented in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research. The Health & Aging Brain among Latino Elders (HABLE) study was created to fill important gaps in the existing literature.

Methods: Community-dwelling Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic White adults and elders (age 50 and above) were recruited.

Consistent inclusion of continuum solvation in energy decomposition analysis: theory and application to molecular CO reduction catalysts.

To facilitate computational investigation of intermolecular interactions in the solution phase, we report the development of ALMO-EDA(solv), a scheme that allows the application of continuum solvent models within the framework of energy decomposition analysis (EDA) based on absolutely localized molecular orbitals (ALMOs). In this scheme, all the quantum mechanical states involved in the variational EDA procedure are computed with the presence of solvent environment so that solvation effects are incorporated in the evaluation of its energy components. After validation on several model complexes, we employ ALMO-EDA(solv) to investigate substituent effects on two classes of complexes that are related to molecular CO reduction catalysis.

Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate in Cirrhosis Using Creatinine-Based and Cystatin C-Based Equations: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Accurate estimation of kidney function in cirrhosis is crucial for prognosis and decisions regarding dual-organ transplantation. We performed a systematic review/meta-analysis to assess the performance of creatinine-based and cystatin C (CysC)-based eGFR equations compared with measured GFR (mGFR) in patients with cirrhosis. A total of 25 studies (n = 4565, 52.

Research environment and resources to support pediatric emergency medicine fellow research.

Background: There is a need for pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) researchers, but the current state of PEM fellow research training is not well described. We sought to (1) describe resources and gaps in PEM fellowship research training and (2) assess agreement between fellow and program director (PD) perceptions of these in fellow research experience.

Methods: Surveys were distributed electronically to U.

Pediatric emergency department shift experiences and moods: An exploratory sequential mixed-methods study.

Objective: The objective was to investigate the impact of affective, social, behavioral, and cognitive factors on pediatric emergency department (PED) provider mood changes during clinical shifts, with the introduction of a novel on-shift measure.

Methods: The nominal group technique was used to generate the ED experience survey (EDES), encompassing factors that may influence PED provider mood. Providers were alerted via experience sampling method to complete the EDES and positive and negative affect schedule at randomly generated times.

Emergency Medical Services Responses to Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest and Suspected ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Los Angeles County.

Background Public health emergencies may significantly impact emergency medical services responses to cardiovascular emergencies. We compared emergency medical services responses to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and ST-segment‒elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic to 2018 to 2019 and evaluated the impact of California's March 19, 2020 stay-at-home order. Methods and Results We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study using Los Angeles County emergency medical services registry data for adult patients with paramedic provider impression (PI) of OHCA or STEMI from February through May in 2018 to 2020.

Change in cognition and body mass index in relation to preclinical dementia.

Introduction: To study if declining cognition drives weight loss in preclinical dementia, we examined the longitudinal association between body mass index (BMI) and cognitive abilities in individuals who did or did not later develop dementia.

Methods: Using data from individuals spanning age 50 to 89, we applied dual change score models separately in individuals who remained cognitively intact (n = 1498) and those who were diagnosed with dementia within 5 years of last assessment (n = 459).

Results: Among the cognitively intact, there was a bidirectional association: Stable BMI predicted stable cognition and vice versa.

Retinal imaging demonstrates reduced capillary density in clinically unimpaired ε4 gene carriers.

Introduction: Apolipoprotein E () ε4, the strongest non-Mendelian genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), has been shown to affect brain capillaries in mice, with potential implications for AD-related neurodegenerative disease. However, human brain capillaries cannot be directly visualized in vivo. We therefore used retinal imaging to test ε4 effects on human central nervous system capillaries.

CSF metabolites associate with CSF tau and improve prediction of Alzheimer's disease status.

Introduction: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) total tau (t-tau) and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) are biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet much is unknown about AD-associated changes in tau metabolism and tau tangle etiology.

Methods: We assessed the variation of t-tau and p-tau explained by 38 previously identified CSF metabolites using linear regression models in middle-age controls from the Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and predicted AD/mild cognitive impairment (MCI) versus an independent set of older controls using metabolites selected by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO).

Results: The 38 CSF metabolites explained 70.

Evaluation of bleeding control course for health-care providers in Japan.

Aim: The Bleeding Control Basic (BCon) course was developed by the American College of Surgeons to teach laypeople and health-care providers (HCPs) how to stop life-threatening bleeding. The first BCon course in Japan was held for HCPs in July 2018. Our study aimed to evaluate the utility of the course, the satisfaction and confidence level of the HCPs that participated, and their experience with using vascular tourniquets.

Post-Liver Transplant Acute Kidney Injury.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common condition following liver transplantation (LT). It negatively impacts patient outcomes by increasing the chances of developing chronic kidney disease and reducing graft and patient survival rates. Multiple definitions of AKI have been proposed and used throughout the years, with the International Club of Ascites definition being the most widely now used for patients with cirrhosis.

Factors Associated With General Surgery Residents' Operative Experience During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Importance: The suspension of elective operations in March 2020 to prepare for the COVID-19 surge posed significant challenges to resident education. To mitigate the potential negative effects of COVID-19 on surgical education, it is important to quantify how the pandemic influenced resident operative volume.

Objective: To examine the association of the pandemic with general surgical residents' operative experience by postgraduate year (PGY) and case type and to evaluate if certain institutional characteristics were associated with a greater decline in surgical volume.

Preschool Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Telephone Medication Management at Developmental-Behavioral Pediatric Network Sites.

Objective: To understand developmental-behavioral pediatricians' (DBPs') use of clinic versus telephone encounters for preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication management. Understanding use of telephone encounters for pharmacologic management of ADHD in preschoolers may inform care for children with ADHD.

Methods: DBP investigators within Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics Research Network abstracted data from medical records of 503 children aged younger than 72 months treated for ADHD with medication by a DBP clinician between January 1, 2013, and July 1, 2017, across 7 sites.

Delayed intensive care unit admission from the emergency department: impact on patient outcomes. A retrospective study.

Objective: To study the impact of delayed admission by more than 4 hours on the outcomes of critically ill patients.

Methods: This was a retrospective observational study in which adult patients admitted directly from the emergency department to the intensive care unit were divided into two groups: Timely Admission if they were admitted within 4 hours and Delayed Admission if admission was delayed for more than 4 hours. Intensive care unit length of stay and hospital/intensive care unit mortality were compared between the groups.

Comparison of tracheal resection outcomes at a university hospital vs county hospital setting.

Objectives: To evaluate the role of hospital setting on outcomes in open airway surgery by comparing patients who underwent surgery (cricotracheal resection [CTR] or tracheal resection [TR]) at a publicly funded county hospital vs a private university hospital.

Methods: Retrospective chart review of patients undergoing CTR or TR at two institutions; a private university hospital and a publicly funded county hospital from September 2014 to September 2019. Length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, total time to discharge, minor and major complications were the primary endpoints.

Harm Perceptions of Tobacco/Nicotine Products and Child Exposure: Differences between Non-Users, Cigarette-Exclusive, and Electronic Cigarette-Exclusive Users.

Objective: This study examined caregiver perception of harm and child secondhand exposure to nicotine in a sample of e-cigarette-exclusive, cigarette-exclusive, and non-tobacco/nicotine users (non-users).

Methods: Cigarette-exclusive (n = 19), e-cigarette-exclusive (n = 12), and non-users (n = 20) and their children (N = 51,  = 10.47) completed self-report questionnaires about perceptions of harm, child secondhand exposure, and provided urine to assess child nicotine exposure (cotinine).

Specific amino acids but not total protein attenuate postpartum weight gain among Hispanic women from Southern California.

There is a high prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes in the United States, particularly among Hispanic women, which may be partly explained by failure to lose gestational weight during the postpartum period. Previous work indicates that protein and amino acids may protect against weight gain; therefore, this study examined the impact of dietary protein and amino acid intake on changes in postpartum weight and the percent of women meeting the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for these dietary variables among Hispanic women from the Southern California Mother's Milk Study ( = 99). Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to examine the associations between protein and amino acid intake with change in weight after adjusting for maternal age, height, and energy intake.

Dosage Individualization of Linezolid: Precision Dosing of Linezolid To Optimize Efficacy and Minimize Toxicity.

The high interindividual variability in the pharmacokinetics (PK) of linezolid has been described, which results in an unacceptably high proportion of patients with either suboptimal or potentially toxic concentrations following the administration of a fixed regimen. The aim of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of linezolid and use this to build and validate alogorithms for individualized dosing. A retrospective pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using data from 338 hospitalized patients (65.

Projection of budgetary savings to US state Medicaid programs from reduced nursing home use due to an Alzheimer's disease treatment.

Introduction: The approval of a disease-modifying Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment could provide relief to US state budgets that were hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic, as mostly Medicare would cover treatment cost, whereas Medicaid would see savings from reduced nursing home use.

Methods: We project savings from 2021 to 2040 with a simulation model from the perspective of state Medicaid programs.

Results: Assuming a 40% and 22% relative reduction of disease progression rates with treatment, Medicaid would avoid payments of $186.